Read the case of Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd and answer the following:

• According to Diplock LJ, how do actual and apparent authority differ?
• Did Kapoor have actual authority to engage the claimant?
• Did Kapoor have apparent authority to engage the claimant?
• All three judges agreed that apparent authority was based upon the doctrine of estoppel. Explain how estoppel operates in relation to apparent authority.
• According to Diplock LJ, what conditions must be established to demonstrate that an agent had
• apparent authority to enter into a contract on behalf of the principal?

Read the case of Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd and answer the following:

• Explain the material facts of the case.
• Explain the difference between express and implied actual authority.
• How did Denning MR define apparent authority and how did he explain the relationship between actual and apparent authority?
• Did Richards have actual authority to enter into the contract on behalf of Brayhead Ltd?
• Did Richards have apparent authority to enter into the contract on behalf of Brayhead Ltd?