Read the following article:

Lee, W., Wu, P., Lee-M., Ho, L., Shih, W. (2017). Music listening alleviates anxiety and physiological responses in patients receiving spinal anesthesia. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21, 8-13.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965229916304010?via%3Dihub#bib0145

Design

1.What type of design is used in the study?

2.Does the design control for threats to the internal validity of the study? If so, how?

This is an important question to ponder and expand upon. Check your articles limitations section to see what the author readily identifies as a bias, then consider some of your own. Think about what possible variables could potentially alter the results of the study, and what the author(s) did - or did not do - to limit those variables.

3.Are threats to the external validity taken into consideration? If so, how?

Sample

1.How was the sample selected? Was a probability or non-probability method used?

2.What kind of bias, if any, was introduced by this method?

If your article did not use a probability method, then describe that as a bias. One way to check for a bias with the sample is to review the article's demographic table.

3.To what extent is the sample representative of the population?

4.Are eligibility criteria and delimitations clearly identified?

Here simply state your inclusion and exclusion criteria.

5.Is the sample size adequate?

Look to see if the author(s) mentioned a power analysis.

6.How was the sample size determined?

7.Are there indications that the rights of the subjects have been insured?

Look for a section in your study addressing ethical concerns.