Read the following excerpt from a Financial Times article and then answer a recall question.

"PEAK FINANCIAL SCANDAL? HISTORY SAYS NOT" BY JULIAN TEIT, JANUARY $9,2019$

century. Why? Toms suggests the swing may reflect the financial deregulation of the $1980s,$ when the UK began to loosen the shackles on finance with initiatives such as the "Big Bang" reforms in the City of London.

The swelling size of the finance sector may have played a role too. A few years ago, Thomas Philippon, a New York$-$based economist, did his own number crunching to see how profits and pay in finance have fluctuated during the past $130$ years. The results from the research $($conducted entirely separately from Toms's work$)$ produced a chart that looks similar to the scandal index; from the $1970$ s$,$ the size of finance and financiers' pay packets rocketed up$.$

Toms points to another crucial factor: the growing complexity of big global companies. As money hops across borders in an opaque manner, it is becoming increasingly hard to track.

Which of the following accurately describes the trends in the statistics of scandals in the US and UK from $1800$ to $2009?$ Check all that apply.

The number of reported financial frauds peaked between the $1940$ s and $1970$ s$.$

The frequency of scandals was declining between the late $19$ th century and the $1970$ s$.$

The frequency of reported financial frauds has been increasing since the late $1970$ s$.$

The frequency of reported fincticial scandals has been on the rise since the early $19$ th century.