Read the following passage and underline the fragments. Be CLEAR where your underlining begins and ends. All spoken languages utilize pitch as a feature in general. As a property of sound overall. Pitch is a perceptual attribute which allows the ordering of sounds on a frequency-related scale extending from low to high. More exactly, a definition of pitch that was given by Klapuri and Davy. Pitch is defined as the frequency of a sine wave that is matched to the target sound by human listeners (Klapuri and Davy 2006). Even though all spoken languages use pitch. Which makes all spoken languages alike. Languages are still different because of the way pitch is used in each language. This is known as pitch variation. For example, English uses pitch to show the type of sentence. A question ends with the pitch rising at the end of a sentence. However, falling pitch at the end of a declarative sentence. Another example is Chinese. Which uses pitch to change the meaning of a word. Instead of changing the type of sentence. Languages that use pitch variation to change a words lexical meaning and/or grammatical form are known as tone languages (Yip 2002). Mandarin Chinese, for example, with four lexical tones. These tones are used to distinguish four different lexical meanings of what would appear in English to be the same word. As a result, in Mandarin, there are four different meanings of the word ma. One for each tone. Because the tone (or pitch) will change the meaning. Thus, pitch variation in language can be used contrastively to distinguish either the type of sentence or individual word meanings. Pitch can also be sued to distinguish the grammatical function of a word. Such as verb tense or pronoun case.

PART B

Directions: Now that you have IDENTIFIED the fragments in the previous paragraph, please FIX them.