Read through the experiment, hypothesis, the results, and the explanation of the results to the experiment and answer the questions

Experiment: If an egg is dropped from shoulder height onto a frying pan, a deep bucket of water, and onto a pillow, will the egg break?

Hypothesis- If an egg is dropped from shoulder height onto a hard surface, such as a frying pan, the egg will break because the force from the hard surface will be great enough and will cause the egg to break. If an egg is dropped from shoulder height into a deep bucket of water, then the egg will not break because the surface of the water will not be hard enough to break the egg. If an egg being dropped from the same height but into a soft surface, such a pillow, the egg will not break because the force will not be enough to cause the egg to break.

Results-

Frying pan- The egg did break

Water- The egg did break

Pillow- The egg did NOT break

Results explained- While the momentum of the eggs are the same, the time it takes to stop the eggs is not. The egg did not break when being dropped onto the pillow because the time it took the pillow to stop the egg increased, meaning that when the egg touches the pillow, it doesn't just stop like it does when its being dropped onto a hard surface such as the frying pan, instead it kind of bounces, which is why the time it takes for the egg to stop increases. When I dropped the egg from shoulder height onto a frying pan it breaks, more of a splat or a shatter because of the sudden and rapid deceleration onto a hard surface was enough to break the egg, causing the impact time to decrease When I dropped the egg into the deep bucket of water, the time to break the egg was decreased because the surface of the water was still enough force to break the egg. The egg did only crack instead of splattering like it did on the frying pan because the water did not have as much force since it was not as hard as the frying pan is. Therefore, the impact time from the water decreased, but not as much as the impact time from the frying pan. But on the other hand, when I dropped the egg from the same height onto a soft cushion pillow, when the egg falling under gravity touches the soft cushion, it is decelerated too but in a longer interval, which actually mitigates the effect of falling and is not sufficient enough to break the egg.

Now answer the following questions

First, Explain the claim and evidence for each scenario

Claim- (This is to be a one- or two-sentence statement about the results of your laboratory work. For example: If the concentration of reagent A doubles, so does the rate of the reaction. An inappropriate claim would be: My product weighed 2.3 grams.)

Evidence- This is a written explanation that supports the claims. Present the specific data and calculations that support your claim and explain the meaning behind them. Graphs, balanced equations, and calculations need to be interpreted and explained in order to count as evidence. Simply referring to them is not enough.

1. How did the change in momentum compare in each of the three scenarios? Explain your answer. 2. How would you explain your results using the terms: impulse, momentum, force, and time? Use equations to help you explain the results. 3. In light of this experiment, can you offer any advice to children in how to make a device that will keep an egg from breaking when thrown off of their school's rooftop? 4. Other than the airbag, what is another real-world example of the relationship between change in momentum and impulse at work?

Equations for number 2-

p = mv where p stands for momentum, m is the mass of the object and v is the velocity Large objects moving fast have a lot of momentum... based on the equation, if m and v are large, p will be large, too! p = F x t where p stands for change in momentum (the always means "change in"), F is force and t is time.

Recourses-

An example of the entire lab-

OBJECTIVE:

To explore what condition(s) will or will not break an egg, and how this relates back to impulse or the change in momentum.

MATERIALS:

Frying pan

Bathtub (or another object) filled with 12" of water

A soft pillow

A dozen eggs

REVIEW OF CONCEPTS:

This is a great lab to start with because it deals with so many concepts that we are already familiar with. We know that large objects moving fast have a lot of momentum and are hard to stop. It takes even more effort to stop them quickly. By the same token, we would rather take a running jump and land in a pile of fresh-raked leaves then take the same running jump and land on hard ground. We can probably predict what happens when we drop an egg on a hard surface. Believe it or not, all of these scenarios are related by the same equation that describes their motion.

Let's match what we know with the appropriate equation:

p = mv where p stands for momentum, m is the mass of the object and v is the velocity

Large objects moving fast have a lot of momentum... based on the equation, if m and v are large, p will be large, too!

p = F x t where p stands for change in momentum (the always means "change in"), F is force and t is time.

Objects with a lot of momentum are hard to stop, and harder to stop quickly. If an object is going and then stopping, it signifies a change in momentum. Based on the equation, we need a force to stop the object and it needs to act over a certain amount of time. If we want to stop the object more quickly, time will be smaller, which means that the force will have to be bigger. Impulse is another name for a force acting over a certain amount of time.

Now let's look at the eggs in terms of impulse and momentum. All the eggs will be about the same size, so, for our purposes in this lab, we can say that they have the same mass. We are dropping each egg from shoulder height and letting gravity take over from there. As long as we don't give the eggs and additional downward motion, we can assume that they are all falling at the same rate, which means they will all have the same velocity right before they hit the ground. If the eggs all have the same mass and the same velocity right before they hit the ground, then they will all have the same momentum, too, because p = mv.

Next, let's look at change in momentum. We've already stated that the eggs all have the same momentum right before they hit the ground. After they come to rest on the landing surface, they will all have zero velocity, so they will also have zero momentum. That means that each egg, regardless of landing surface, will have the same change in momentum from the time they contact the landing surface until the time they come to rest.

Finally, let's add the equation for impulse into the mix. We know that impulse is defined as a force acting on an object over a period of time (F x t). So, in our lab, each of the catching surfaces will provide the impulse that may or may not break the egg. We have already discussed that the change in momentum will be the same for each and every egg that is dropped. In other words, for this experiment, the change in momentum is constant. Looking at the equation for change in momentum, p = F x t, tells us that in order to keep momentum the same, if the time gets smaller, the force has to get bigger. Be sure to keep this relationship in mind when you analyze your final results. If the time of contact is low, the force will be larger. What does it mean for the force if the time of contact is longer?

For further reinforcement, the concept of impulse and its usefulness can be illustrated nicely with the driver's side airbag. In car accidents without airbags, drivers were often subject to nasty injuries from hitting the steering wheel with a large force. Now, airbags are credited with saving many lives and more drastic injuries by extending the time that an impact takes place. This reduces the force on the body, reducing potential injury.

In this exploration, we will be looking at what happens to eggs under various impacts. There are three main portions here...egg vs: a) a frying pan; b) a pot/bathtub of water, c) a soft pillow.

PROCEDURE:

Place a frying pan on the floor. Drop an egg into the pan from shoulder height, and record your observations. Repeat this for 2 more eggs. (Scramble and eat if you like)

Find an object that can contain at least 12 inches of water (a bathtub, large bucket, etc.) and fill it with at least 12 inches of water. Drop an egg into the water from your shoulder height, and record your observations. Repeat this for two more eggs. (Poach the eggs if create egg benedict...if you like)

Find a soft pillow and place it on the floor. Drop an egg onto the pillow from shoulder height, and record your observations. Repeat this for two more eggs. (Don't eat these...just wash your pillow if needed).