ReadtheTextandAnswerthefollowingQuestions

A science dealing with design, construction and operation of structures, engines, machines,variousdevicesis known inEnglishas engineering.

Now the art of building houses, temples, pyramids and other structures is called "civilengineering".AtthetimeoftheRomanEmpiretherewerealreadytwobranchesofengineering:civil engineeringand military engineering.

Militaryengineeringincludedthebuildingoffortificationsandmilitarydevices.OnemayfindtheremainsofRomanstructuresinItaly,ontheterritoryofmodernEnglandwhichwasunderRomanruleforaboutfourcenturies.Bytimecivilengineeringgrewintoaprofessionrequiringcollegetraining andhasbecomean importantbranch ofnationaleconomy.

Withtheinventionofthesteamengineandthegrowthoffactoriespracticalapplicationofthescienceofmechanicsandthermodynamicstothedesignofmachinesattractedtheattentionofcivil engineers. They called themselves "mechanical engineers", separating themselves fromcivilengineering. It laidthe foundation for a newbranch of engineering-mechanicalengineering.

Mechanical engineering deals with design, construction and operation of engines, turbines,air-conditioning,refrigerationdevices,elevators,conveyors,escalators.Themechanicalengineerdesignsmachine-toolsforvariousoperationsandtheirapplicationinvariousproduction processes. One of the many branches of mechanical engineering is aeronauticswhich deals with the mechanics of moving bodies in fluid or air. In the 19^th century with thedevelopmentofthescienceofelectricityanewbranchofengineering-electricalengineeringappeared.

Electrical engineering is divided into main branches: communications engineering and powerengineering.

Communications engineering deals with minute quantities of electricity, used for all kinds ofcommunications; power engineering - with the means for producing power. Therefore, theelectrical engineer designs radio, television and telephone equipment; the power engineer -generators,switches,transformers,etc.

In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared new branches of engineering - nuclearengineering and space engineering. Nuclear is based on atomic physics. Space engineering isimpossible without all modern scientific achievements. Present day engineering includeschemical engineering, dealing with processes and equipment possible to change the state,energycontent,physicaland chemicalcompositionofvariousmaterials.

Nowadaystherearehundredsofsubdivisionsofengineeringbutallofthembranchedofffromcivil,mechanical,electrical orchemical engineering.

1. Insertprepositions(in,into,at,of,by,from)wherenecessary.
2. ---themiddleofthe20^thcenturythereappearednewbranches---engineering.
3. Theprofession---acivilengineerrequirescollegetraining.
4. Dams,watersystems,railways,etc.arebuilt---civil engineers.
5. Mechanicalengineeringachievedaprominentposition---theverybeginning.
6. Electricalengineeringissubdivided---twobranches.
7. Nowadaystherearehundreds---subdivisions---engineering.
8. Insertarticleswherenecessary.

1---term"engineering"isusedinmanyspecialties;ithasmanymeanings.

1. Thisbranchofindustryappeared30yearsago;verysoonitachieved---prominentposition.
2. Mechanicalengineeringisoneof---mostimportantbranchesofengineering.
3. ---physicalchangesaresometimesaccompaniedby---chemicalchanges.
4. Among---namesof---earlyinventorsofsteamenginesweshouldmention---nameofCherepanov.