ReadtheTextandAnswerthefollowingQuestions

A science dealing with design, construction and operation of structures, engines, machines,variousdevices is known inEnglishas engineering.

Now the art of building houses, temples, pyramids and other structures is called "civilengineering".AtthetimeoftheRomanEmpiretherewerealreadytwobranchesofengineering:civil engineeringand military engineering.

Militaryengineeringincluded thebuildingoffortificationsandmilitarydevices. Onemayfindtheremains ofRomanstructuresinItaly,ontheterritory ofmodernEngland whichwasunderRomanruleforaboutfourcenturies.Bytimecivilengineeringgrewintoaprofessionrequiring Collgetraining andhasbecomean importantbranch ofnationaleconomy.

Withtheinvention ofthesteamengineandthegrowth offactoriespracticalapplicationofthescienceofmechanicsandthermodynamicstothedesignofmachines attractedtheattentionofcivil engineers. They called themselves "mechanical engineers", separating themselves fromcivilengineering. It laidthe foundation for a newbranch of engineering-mechanicalengineering.

Mechanical engineering deals with design, construction and operation of engines, turbines,air-conditioning,refrigerationdevices,elevators,conveyors,escalators.Themechanicalengineerdesignsmachine-toolsforvariousoperationsandtheirapplicationinvariousproduction processes. One of the many branches of mechanical engineering is aeronauticswhich deals with the mechanics of moving bodies in fluid or air. In the 19^th century with thedevelopmentofthescience ofelectricityanewbranch ofengineering-electricalengineeringappeared.

Electrical engineering is divided into main branches: communications engineering and powerengineering.

Communications engineering deals with minute quantities of electricity, used for all kinds ofcommunications; power engineering - with the means for producing power. Therefore, theelectrical engineer designs radio, television and telephone equipment; the power engineer -generators,switches,transformers,etc.

In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared new branches of engineering - nuclearengineering and space engineering. Nuclear is based on atomic physics. Space engineering isimpossible without all modern scientific achievements. Present day engineering includeschemical engineering, dealing with processes and equipment possible to change the state,energy content,physicaland chemicalcompositionofvarious materials.

Nowadaystherearehundredsofsubdivisionsofengineeringbutallofthembranch dofffromcivil, mechanical,electrical orchemical engineering.

1. Insertprepositions(in,into,at,of,by,from)wherenecessary.
2. ---themiddleofthe20^thcenturythereappeared newbranches---engineering.
3. Theprofession---acivilengineer requirescollegetraining.
4. Dams,watersystems,railways,etc.arebuilt---civil engineers.
5. Mechanicalengineeringachievedaprominent position---theverybeginning.
6. Electricalengineeringissubdivided---twobranches.
7. Nowadaystherearehundreds---subdivisions---engineering.
8. Insertarticleswhere necessary.

1---term"engineering"isusedinmanyspecialties;ithasmanymeanings.

1. Thisbranchofindustry appeared30yearsago;verysoonitachieved---prominentposition.
2. Mechanicalengineeringisoneof---mostimportantbranches ofengineering.
3. ---physicalchangesaresometimesaccompaniedby---chemical changes.

Among---namesof---early inventorsofsteamenginesweshouldmention---nameofCherenkov