Recall, from our discussion, that groupthink "occurs when group members reason that they cannot be wrong and reject any argument contrary to their ownrejecting criticism from internal members and criticism from people in out-groups" (Janis and Mann, 1977).

Furthermore, Janis and Mann identified 8 symptoms of groupthink:

1. An illusion of invulnerability
2. Collective efforts to rationalize
3. Unquestioned belief in the group's inherent morality
4. Stereotyped views of rivals and enemies
5. Direct pressure on a member who expresses arguments against any of the group's stereotypes, illusions, or commitments
6. Self-censorship of deviations from apparent group consensus
7. A shared illusion of unanimity
8. The emergence of self-appointed "mind guards" (p.131)

Select1 of the following real-world occurrences of groupthink (or identify a factual event of your own):

• Bay of Pigs
• Pearl Harbor bombing
• Space Shuttle Challenger explosion
• Salem witch trials
• Switch to New Coke

Createa 10- to 12-slide MicrosoftPowerPointpresentation with detailed speaker notes about your chosen event.

Includethe following:

• Identify and describe your selected event. Include the date(s) involved, geographic location, and major players in the decision.
• Explain how groupthink worked in this situation. Relate your explanation to the symptoms of groupthink.
• Discuss the impact of groupthink on the outcome of the situation.
• Discuss the role of authority influence in the situation.
• Explain 2 actions that may have countered the groupthink and authority influence that led to the outcome of the event.

Citeat least 3 academic or scholarly sources in your presentation.

Sources:

• Janis, I. L. (1972).Victims of groupthink. Houghton Mifflin.
• Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977).Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. The Free Press.