The CEO, Celeste, asked department administrators to relay her message of sincere congratulations and appreciation to the staff for their hard work in obtaining their institutional re-accreditation from the Joint Commission. This message was transmitted through several layers in the organization and was received in a more nonchalant manner than originally intended. The previous scenario is an example of which type of environmental barrier to communication:

a. Managerial philosophy

b. Power/status relationships

c. Specific terminology 

d. Multiple levels of hierarchy

Malia works in the software development team for a large corporation. Her employer encourages employees to pursue new ideas on company premises, and therefore she has a side project involving applications for small kitchen appliances. In this scenario, Malia's employer appears to support

a)	bootlegging.

b)	skunkworks.

c)	delegation.

d)	corporate espionage.

e)	spin-offs.