Reflection Paper for this
What have you learned in Chapter 3
Different kinds of Obligation
? Section 1: Pure and Conditional Obligation
?Section 2 - Obligations with a Period
?Section 3
- Joint and Solidary Obligations
- Divisible and Indivisible Obligations
- Obligations With A Penal Clause
Chapter 3 DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS Section 1. - Pure and Conditional Obligations Art. 1179. Every obligation whose performance does not depend upon a future or uncertain event, or upon a past event unknown to the parties, is demandable at once. Every obligation which contains a resolutory condition shall also be demandable, without prejudice to the effects of the happening of the event. Art. 1180. When the debtor binds himself to pay when his means permit him to do so, the obligation shall be deemed to be one with a period, subject to the provisions of Article 1197. Art. 1181. In conditional obligations, the acquisition of rights as well as the extinguishment or loss of those already acquired , shall depend upon the happening of the event which constitutes the conditions. Art. 1182. When the fulfillment of the condition depends upon the sole will of the debtor, the conditional obligation shall be void. If it depends upon chance or upon the will of the third person, the obligation shall take effect in conformity with the provisions of this Code. Art. 1183. Impossible conditions, those contrary to good customs or public policy and those prohibited by law shall annul the obligation which depends upon them. If the obligation is divisible , that part thereof which is not affected by the impossible or unlawful condition shall be valid. The condition not to do an impossible thing shall be considered as not having been agreed upon. Art. 1184. The condition that some event happen at a determinate time shall extinguish the obligation as soon as the time expires or if it has become indubitably that the event will not take place. Art. 1185. The condition that some event will not happen at a determinate time shall render the obligation effective from the moment the time indicated has elapsed, or if it has become evident that the event cannot occur. If no time has been fixed, the condition shall be deemed fulfilled at such time as may have probably been contemplated, bearing in mind the nature of the obligation.Art. 1186. The condition shall be deemed fulfilled when the obligor voluntarily prevents its fulfillment. Art. 1187. The effects of a conditional obligation to give , once the condition has been fulfilled shall retroact to the day of the constitution of the obligation. Nevertheless, when the obligation imposes reciprocal obligations upon the parties, the fruits and interests during the pendency of the condition shall be deemed to have been mutually compensated . If the obligation is unilateral, the debtor shall appropriate the fruits and interests received , unless from the nature and circumstances of the obligation it should be inferred that the intention of the person constituting the same was different. In obligations to do and not to do, the courts shall determine , in each case, the retroactive effect of the condition that has been complied with. Art. 1188. The creditor may, before the fulfillment of the condition, bring the appropriate actions for the preservation of his right. The debtor may recover what during the same thing he has paid by mistake in case of a suspensiondition. Art. 1189. When the conditions have been imposed with the intention of suspending the efficacy of an obligation to give, the following rules shall be observed in case of the improvement, loss, or deterioration of the thing during the pendency of the condition: (1) If the thing is lost without the fault of the debtor, the obligation shall be extinguished; (2) If the thing is lost through the fault of the debtor , he shall be obliged to pay damages; it is understood that the thing is lost when it perishes , or goes out of commerce, or disappears in such a way that its existence is unknown, or it cannot be recovered; (3) When the thing deteriorates without the fault of the debtor , the impairment is to be borne by the creditor; (4) If it deteriorates through the fault of the debtor, the creditor may choose between the rescission of the obligation and its fulfillment, with indemnity for damages in either case; (5) If the thing is improved by its nature, or by time, the improvement shall inure to the benefit of the creditor; (6) If it is improved at the expense of the debtor , he shall have no other right than that granted to the usufructuary. Art. 1190. When the conditions have for their purpose the extinguishment of an obligation to give, the parties, upon the fulfillment of said conditions , shall return to each other what they have received. In case of the loss, deterioration or improvement of the thing, the provision which, with respect to the debtor, are laid down in the preceding article shall be applied to the party who is bound to return. 5As for obligations to do and not to do, the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 1187 shall be observed as regards the effect of the extinguishment of the obligation. Art. 1191. The power to rescind obligations is implied in reciprocal ones, in case one of the obligors should not comply with what is incumbent upon him. The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the rescission of the obligation, with the payment of damages in either case . He may also seek rescission , even after he has chosen fulfillment, if the latter should become impossible. The court shall decree the rescission claimed, unless there be just cause authorizing the fixing of a period. This is understood to be without prejudice to the rights of third persons who have acquired the thing, in accordance with Article 1385 and 1388 and the Mortgage Law. Art. 1192. In case both parties have committed a breach of the obligations , the liability of the first infractor shall be equitably tempered by the courts. If it cannot be determined which of the parties first violated the contract, the same shall be deemed extinguished, and each shall bear his own damages. Section 2 - Obligations with a Period Art. 1193. Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed, shall be demandable only when that day comes. Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once, but terminate upon arrival of the day certain. A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come, although it may not be known when. If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not, the obligation is conditional, and it shall be regulated by the rules of the preceding Section. 1194. in case of loss, deterioration or improvement of the thing before the arrival of the day certain, the rules in Article 1189 shall be observed. Art. 1195. Anything paid or delivered before the arrival of the period, the obligor being unaware of the period or believing that the obligation has become due and demandable, may be recovered, with the fruits and interests. Art. 1196. Whenever in an obligation a period is designated, it is presumed to have been established for the benefit of both the creditor and the unless from the tenor of the same or 6other circumstances it should appear that the period has been established in favor of one or of the other. Art. 1197. If the obligation does not fix a period , but from its nature and the circumstances it can be inferred that a period was intended, the courts may fix the duration thereof. The courts shall also fix the duration of the period when it depends upon the will of the debtor. In every case, the courts shall determine such period as may under the circumstances have been probably contemplated by the parties. Once fixed by the courts, the period cannot be changed by them. Art. 1198. The debtor shall lose every right to make use of the period: (1) When after the obligation has been contracted, he becomes insolvent , unless he gives a guaranty or security for the debt; (2) When he does not furnish to the creditor the guaranties or securities which he has promised; (3) When by his own acts he has impaired said guaranties or securities after their establishment , and when through a fortuitous event they disappear; unless he immediately gives new ones equally satisfactory; (4) When the debtor violates any undertaking , in consideration of which the creditor agreed to the period; (5) When the debtor violates any undertaking, in consideration of which the creditor agreed to the period (6) When the debtor attempts to abscond. Section 3 Art. 1199. A person alternatively bound by different prestation shall completely perform one of them. The creditor cannot be compelled to receive part of one and part of the other undertaking. Art. 1200. The right of choice belongs to the debtor, unless it has been expressly granted to the creditor. The debtor shall have no right to choose those prestations which are impossible, unlawful or which could not have been the object of the obligation. Art. 1201. The choice shall produce no effect except from the time it has been communicated. 7Art. 1202. The debtor shall lose the right of choice when among the prestations whereby he is alternatively bound, only one is practicable. Art. 1203. If through the creditor's acts the debtor cannot make a choice according to the terms of the obligation, the latter may rescind the contract with damages. Art. 1204. The creditor shall have a right to indemnity for damages when, through the fault of the debtor, all the things which are alternatively the object of the obligation have been lost, or the compliance of the obligation has become impossible. The indemnity shall be fixed taking as a basis the value of the last thing which disappeared, or that of the service which last became impossible. Damages other than the value of the last thing or service may also be awarded. Art. 1205. When the choice has been expressly given to the creditor , the obligation shall cease to be alternative from the day when the selection has been communicated to the debtor. Until then the responsibility of the debtor shall be governed by the following rules: (1) If one of the things is lost through a fortuitous event, he shall perform the obligation by delivering that which the creditor should choose from among the remainder , or that which remains if only one subsists; (2) If the loss of one of the things occurs through the fault of the debtor , the creditor may claim any of those subsisting , or the price of that which, through the fault of the former has disappeared , with a right to damages; (3) If all the things are lost through the fault of the debtor , the choice by the creditor shall fall upon the price of any one of them, also with indemnity for damages. The same rules shall be applied to obligations to do or not to do in case one, some or all of the prestations should become impossible. Art. 1206. When only one prestation has been agreed upon, but the obligor may render another in substitution, the obligation is called facultative. The loss or deterioration of the thing intended as a substitute, through the negligence of the obligor, does not render him liable. But once the substitution has been made , the obligor is liable for the loss of the substitute on account of his delay, negligence or fraud. Joint and Solidary Obligations Art. 1207. The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and the same obligation does not imply that each one of the former has a right to demand , or that eachone of the latter is bound to render, entire compliance with the prestations. There is a solidary liability only when the obligation expressly so states, or when the law of the nature of the obligation requires solidarity. Art. 1208. If from the law, or the nature or the wording of the obligation to which the preceding article refers the contrary does not appear, the credit or debt shall be presumed to be divided into as many equal shares as there are creditors or debtors, the credits or debts being considered distinct from one another , subject to the Rules of Court governing the multiplicity of suits . Art. 1209. If the division is impossible, the right of the creditors may be prejudiced only by their collective acts, and the debt can be enforced only by proceeding against all the debtors . if one of the latter should be insolvent, the others shall not be liable for his share. Art. 1210. The indivisibility of an obligation does not necessarily give rise to solidarity. Nor does solidarity of itself imply indivisibility. Art. 1211. Solidarity may exist although the creditors and the debtors may not be bound in the same manner and by the same periods and conditions. Art. 1212. Each one of the solidary creditors may do whatever may be useful to the others, but not anything which may be prejudicial to the latter. Art. 1213. A solidary creditor cannot assign his rights without the consent of the others. Art. 1214. The debtor may pay any one of the solidary creditors ; but if any demand , judicial or extrajudicial , has been made by one of them, payment should be made to him. Art. 1215. Novation, compensation , confusion or remission of the debt, made by any of the solidary creditors or with any of the solidary debtors , shall extinguish the obligation , without prejudice to the provisions of Article 1219. The creditors who may have executed any of these acts , as well as he who collects the debt, shall be liable to the others for the share in the obligation corresponding to them. Art. 1216. The creditor may proceed against any one of the solidary debtors or some or all of them simultaneously. The demand made against one of them shall not be an obstacle to those which may subsequently be directed against the others , so long as the debt has not been fully collected. Art. 1217. Payment made by one of the solidary debtors extinguishes the obligation . If two or more solidary debtors offer to pay, the creditor may choose which offer to accept. 9He who made the payment may claim from his co-debtors only the share which corresponds to each, with the interest for the payment already made . If the payment is made before the debt is due, no interest for the intervening period may be demanded. When one of the solidary debtors cannot, because of his insolvency, reimburse his share to the debtor paying the obligation, such share shall be borne by all his co-debtors, in proportion to the debt of each. Art. 1218. Payment by a solidary debtor shall not entitle him to reimbursement from his co- debtors if such payment is made after the obligation has prescribed or become illegal. Art. 1219. The remission made by the creditor of the share which affects one of the solidary debtors does not release the latter from his responsibility towards the co-debtors, in case the debt had been totally paid by anyone of them before the remission was effected. Art. 1220. The remission of the whole obligation , obtained by one of the solidary debtors , does not entitle him to reimbursement from his co-debtors. Art. 1221. If the thing has been lost or if the prestation has become impossible without the fault of the solidary debtors , the obligation shall be extinguished. If there was fault on the part of any one of them, all shall be responsible to the creditor, for the price and the payment of damages and interest , without prejudice to their action against the guilty or negligent debtor. If through a fortuitous event, the thing is lost or the performance has become impossible after one of the solidary debtors has incurred in delay through the judicial or extrajudicial demand upon him by the creditor , the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply. Art. 1222. A solidary debtor may, in action filed by the creditor, avail himself of all defenses which are derived from the nature of the obligation and of those which are personal to him , or pertain to his own share. With respect to those which personally belong to the others, he may avail himself thereof only as regards that part of the debt for which the latter are responsible. Divisible and Indivisible Obligations Art. 1223. The divisibility or indivisibility of the things that are the object of obligations in which there is only one debtor and only one creditor does not alter or modify the provisions of Chapter 2 of this Title. Art. 1224. A joint indivisible obligation gives rise to indemnity for damages from the time anyone of the debtors does not comply with his undertaking . The debtors who may have been ready to fulfill their promises shall not contribute to the indemnity beyond the corresponding portion of the price of the thing or of the value of the service in which the obligation consists. 10Art. 1225. For the purposes of the preceding articles , obligations to give definite things and those which are not susceptible of partial performance shall be deemed to be indivisible. When the obligation has for its object the execution of certain number of days of work, the accomplishment of work by metrical units , or analogous things which by their nature are susceptible of partial performance , it shall be divisible. However, even though the object or service may be physically divisible, an obligation is indivisible if so, provided by law or intended by the parties. In obligations not to do, divisibility or indivisibility shall be determined by the character of the prestation in each particular case. Obligations With A Penal Clause Art. 1226. In obligations with a penal clause, the penalty shall substitute the indemnity for damages and the payment of interests in case of noncompliance, if there is no stipulation to the contrary . Nevertheless, damages shall be paid if the obligor refuses to pay the penalty or is guilty of fraud in the fulfillment of the obligation. The penalty may be enforced only when it is demandable in accordance with the provisions of this Code. Art. 1227. The debtor cannot exempt himself from the performance of the obligation by paying the penalty, save in the case where the right has been expressly reserved for him. Neither can the creditor demand the fulfillment of the obligation and the satisfaction of the penalty at the same time, unless this right has been clearly granted him. However, if after the creditor has decided to require the fulfilment of the obligation, the performance thereof should become impossible without his fault, the penalty may be enforced. Art. 1228. Proof of actual damages suffered by the creditor is not necessary in order that the penalty may be demanded. Art. 1229. The judge shall equitably reduce the penalty when the principal obligation has been partly or irregularly complied with by the debtor. Even if there has been no performance , the penalty may also be reduced by the courts if it is iniquitous or unconscionable. Art. 1230. The nullity of the penal clause does not carry with it that of the principal obligation. The nullity of the principal obligation carries with it that of the penal clause
