Required:

1. How did the spill-related costs recognized by BP in its financial statements through 2014 differ from a statistical estimate of the total expected costs that the company's senior management might have prepared and used internally over the same time frame?

a) For each category of contingent liability - environmental, litigation and claims, and Clean Water Act penalties - BP asserts that is not possible to reliability estimate the full extent of the company's ultimate economic exposure. Identify a specific reason for this uncertainty for each category.

b) Why did BP maintain the $3,150 million provision for the penalty it will have to pay under the U.S. Clean Water Act after the district court's finding of gross negligence and willful misconduct called this amount into question?

c) In 2015 and 2016, BP recognized additional spill-related costs of $18.6 billion, bringing the total cumulative costs recognized across the four categories to over $66 billion. Based on the above information, make an informed guess about how these newly recognized costs were distributed across the four cost categories. How might accounting recognition and disclosure of contingent liabilities be improved to enabled reader to formulate better estimates?

On April 20, 2010, an explosion at BP PLC's Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico caused the largest oil spill and one of the worst environmental disasters in U.S. history. Because the incident occurred at the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, this incident is often referred to as the Deepwater Horizon spill. Approximately 4.9 million barrels of oil were released, threatening the marine environment of the Gulf of Mexico as well as the environment and communities of the Gulf Coast region of the United States. In addition, 11 workers died and 17 were injured in the explosion. While BP bore primary legal responsibility for the spill, Transocean Corporation (the drilling rig operator) and Halliburton Company (the construction contractor) were also held partially responsible. The spill's financial costs to BP were enormous but also highly uncertain in the years that followed. Initially, the company incurred large costs to respond to the explosion and contain the spill. As time passed, the disaster set in motion a complex set of investigations and court cases that resulted in numerous fines and damage awards. In addition, BP made expensive commitments to support various environmental initiatives in the Gulf Cost region. BPformerly named British Petroleum and headquartered in Londonreports under IFRS and accounted for many of the spill's costs using IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent Assets. As noted earlier in this chapter, IAS 37 requires accrual of contingent liabilities when they are probable and can be reliably estimated. From the 2010 fiscal year onward, the company disclosed among its significant judgments and esti- mates those required to account for the spill under IAS 37. Through 2014, KPMG, BP's auditor, included warnings of the uncertainties presented by these contingent liabilities in its auditor's reports. The following passage taken from KPMG's audit opinion in the 2014 annual report expresses these concerns: In forming our opinion on the group financial statements we have considered the adequacy of the disclosure in Note 2 to the financial statements concerning the provisions, future expendi- tures which cannot be reliably estimated and other contingent liabilities related to the claims, penalties and litigation arising from the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The total amount that will ultimately be paid by BP in relation to all obligations arising from this significant event is subject to significant uncertainty and the ultimate exposure and cost to BP is dependent on many factors, including but not limited to, the determinations of the Courts and Regulatory authorities in the US. Significant uncertainty exists in relation to the amount of claims that will become payable by BP and the amount of fines that will be levied on BP (including any ultimate determination of BP's culpability based on negligence, gross negligence or willful misconduct). The outcome of litigation and the cost of the longer term environmental conse- quences of the oil spill are also subject to significant uncertainty. For these reasons it is not possible to estimate reliably the ultimate cost to BP. Our opinion is not qualified in respect of these matters. The following table reports the costs recognized by BP through 2014 across four categories. The first-spill response_summarizes the amounts spent directly respond- ing to the explosion and spill. The other three categories are costs initially recorded as contingent liabilitiesenvironmental, litigation and claims, and Clean Water Act penal- ties. As of December 31, 2014, expenses recognized in the four categories had totaled $47.8 billion. 2014 Total 2010-14 (in $ millions) Spill response Environmental Litigation and claims Clean Water Act penalties Total Cumulative Total 2010 2011 2012 2013 $13,628 671 118 (113) 1,004 1,184 801 42 15,123 3,430 5,164 1.926 3,510 33.265 5.285 6,083 1.855 33,265 38,550 44,633 46,488 192 1,137 14,304 3,223 26,780 3,510 47,817 1.329 47.817 The following are summaries of the main spill-related contingent liabilities disclosed in BP's 2014 annual report: Environmental - As of December 31, 2014, provisions in the Environmental category included the following significant items: A commitment to fund the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GOMRI). This was origi- nally a $500 million dollar commitment, of which $279 million had yet to be paid out as of December 31, 2014. The GoMRI is a 10-year environmental research program to study the impact of the spill's long-range environmental impacts. Grants were made to a variety of research institutes, including those affiliated with Louisiana State University, the University of South Florida, Mississippi State University, and the National Institutes of Health. A framework agreement between BP, the federal government, and five Gulf Coast states to fund restoration projects in the Gulf Coast region. As of December 31, 2014, $798 million remained of commitments to fund assessment costs and early restoration proj- ects. However, BP's disclosure for this commitment notes that cost of later restoration projects has not been accrued, or even estimated: Until the size, location and duration of the impact is assessed, it is not possible to estimate reliably either the amounts or timing of the remaining natural resource damages claims other than the assessment and early restoration costs noted above, therefore no additional amounts have been provided for these items. Litigation and claims - The litigation and claims provision includes estimates of pay- ments to i) individuals and businesses for property damage, lost profits and the impair- ment of earning capacity, and ii) state and local governments for removal costs, property damages, lost tax revenue and increased public services. Through 2014, this cost category was by far the largest, containing $26.8 billion of recognized costs. This amount was more than half of total recognized costs and approximately 80% of costs recorded in the three contingent liability categories. The table above indicates that BP did not make any adjustment to its balance sheet accrual of $3,510 million in response to the district court's ruling. It did not raise the accrual because it claimed that the ultimate amount of the penalty for gross negligence and willful misconduct could not be reliably measured. Given this new uncertainty, one might reasonably ask the technical accounting question, "Why maintain any accrual at all, given that it is subject to so much uncertainty? BP answered this question, citing a specific provision of IAS 37: Under IFRS, a provision is reversed when it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. With regard to the Clean Water Act penalty obligation, it continues to be probable that there will be an outflow of resources and therefore, in the absence of the ability to identify the best estimate of the liability, the previously recognized provision of $3,510 million has been maintained