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"I thought lean production was supposed to make us more efficient" commented Ben Carrick, manufacturing vice president of Vorelli Industries. "But just look at June$$s manufacturing variances for Zets. The labor efficiency variance was $$240,000$ unfavorable$$four times higher than it$$s ever been before. If you add on the $$102,000$ unfavorable materials price variance, that$$s $$342,000$ down the drain in a single month on just one product."

"Now take it easy, Ben," replied Sandi Shipp, the company$$s purchasing manager. $"$We knew the switch to lean production was going to increase our material costs. But now we$$re partnering with top$-$notch suppliers who deliver raw materials to our plant three times a day. In a few months, we$$ll be able to offset most of our higher purchasing costs by vacating three rented warehouses."

"And I know our labor efficiency variance looks bad," responded Raul Duvall, the company$$s production manager, "but it doesn$$t tell the whole story. The just$-$in$-$time flow in our production lines has made our plant more efficient than ever before. Plus our investment in automation is reducing our materials waste each month."

"How can you say you$$re being more efficient when you took $90,000$ direct labor$-$hours to produce just $30,000$ Zets last month?" asked Ben Carrick. "That$$s an average of $3$ hours per unit, whereas the Zets$$ standard cost card only allows $2\mathrm{.}5$ hours per unit."

Raul explained that "part of our lean transformation requires cutting back production to reduce excess finished goods inventories. In a few months our finished goods inventories will be depleted and we$$ll be able to match production with demand. In the meantime, don$$t forget that our line people aren$$t just standing around when their machines are idle. Under the lean approach, they$$re doing their own inspections and equipment maintenance."

Ben replied, $"$We can$$t let this go on a few more months $...$ at least not if you want to earn a bonus this year. I$$ve been looking at these reports for $30$ years, and I know inefficiency when I see it$.$ Let$$s get things back under control."

After leaving Ben$$s office, Raul asked for your help in developing some performance measures that will highlight the benefits of the company$$s lean transformation. Working with Raul, you gathered the following information:

A standard cost card for Zets $($one of the company$$s many products$)$ is given below:

Standard Quantity or Hours Standard Price or Rate Standard Cost

Direct materials $18$ feet $ $3\mathrm{.}00$ per foot $ $54\mathrm{.}00$

Direct labor $2\mathrm{.}5$ hours $ $16\mathrm{.}00$ per hour $40\mathrm{.}00$

Variable manufacturing overhead $2\mathrm{.}5$ hours $ $2\mathrm{.}80$ per hour $7\mathrm{.}00$

Total standard cost $ $101\mathrm{.}00$

During June the company purchased $510,000$ feet of material for production of Zets at a cost of $$3\mathrm{.}20$ per foot. All of this material was used to make $30,000$ units during the month.

The company maintains a stable workforce to produce Zets. Employees who previously performed inspections and maintenance have been reassigned as direct labor workers. During June, direct laborers worked $90,000$ hours on the Zets production lines at an average pay rate of $$15\mathrm{.}85$ per hour.

Variable manufacturing overhead cost is allocated to products based on direct labor$-$hours. During June, the company incurred $$207,000$ in variable manufacturing overhead costs associated with the manufacture of Zets.

As workers have become more familiar with lean production methods, the following trends $($per unit$)$ have emerged over the last three months:

April May June

Processing time $2\mathrm{.}6$ hours $2\mathrm{.}5$ hours $2\mathrm{.}4$ hours

Inspection time $1\mathrm{.}3$ hours $0\mathrm{.}9$ hours $0\mathrm{.}1$ hours

Move time $1\mathrm{.}9$ hours $1\mathrm{.}4$ hours $0\mathrm{.}6$ hours

Queue time $8\mathrm{.}2$ hours $5\mathrm{.}2$ hours $1\mathrm{.}9$ hours

Required:

$1.$ For direct materials:

a$.$ Compute the price and quantity variances.

b$.$ Is the decrease in waste that was mentioned by Raul apparent from your variance calculations?

c$.$ What standard price per foot should the company use going forward to compute the materials price variance?

Note: Round your answers to $1$ decimal place. Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting $"$F$"$ for favorable, $"$U$"$ for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect $($i$.$e$.,$ zero variance$).$

$2.$ For direct labor:

a$.$ Compute the rate and efficiency variances.

b$.$ Is the company$$s labor efficiency variance a useful performance measure in its lean environment?

Note: Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting $"$F$"$ for favorable, $"$U$"$ for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect $($i$.$e$.,$ zero variance$).$

$3.$ For variable manufacturing overhead:

a$.$ Compute the rate and efficiency variances.

b$.$ Is direct labor$-$hours an appropriate cost driver for variable manufacturing overhead in the company$$s lean environment?

Note: Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting $"$F$"$ for favorable, $"$U$"$ for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect $($i$.$e$.,$ zero variance$).$

$4.$ Compute the following for April, May, and June:

a$.$ The throughput time b$.$ MCE