Research for academic studies, Business Finance Magazine, CFO Magazine, Strategic Finance Magazine, McKenzie Quarterly, and other financial management trade journals to respond to the following questions.

What determines stock market valuations?

Is a stock's price primarily determined by the discounted sum of future cash flows, monetary policy, or fear and greed?

Is market timing possible using sentiment indicators such as put$/$call ratios and Investor's Intelligence surveys?

As a financial manager, to what extent would market timing be an effective strategy for high$-$income investors? Retirees? Explain your responses.