Research has shown that people remember words better if they process them at a deep level than if they process them at a shallow level. (A "deep level" of processing involves thinking about the meaning of the word and a "shallow level" involves thinking about the word more superficially). To test this idea, a statistics teacher presented 20 words, one at time, on a screen to 30 students and had them evaluate half the words at a deep level (answering the question "Is this word pleasant?") and half the words at a shallow level (answering the question "Does this word contain an E or G?"). The type of instruction was randomly assigned to a word, with the restriction that half of the words be processed at a deep level and half at a shallow level. He then surprised them with a memory test. The number of words recalled was the dependent variable. (To control for the possibility that one group of words was just easier to remember, the same ten words were paired with one type of instruction -- shallow or deep - for approximately half the students and the other type of instruction for the other students). a. Write the nondirectional null hypothesis in symbols. b. Write the nondirectional alternative hypothesis in symbols. c. What is the critical value of t (with = .05)? d. The data are attached (the third page). Although the SD is given, calculate it yourself using the information given. HINT: YOU NEED TO USE THE SUM OF SQUARES (SSD) e. Calculate the value of t. IF YOUR ANSWER IS 5.97, CONGRATULATIONS!