Research on human factors provided a number of insights on why people do not speak up. Some of the common threats for speaking include:

• A culture that discourages speaking up
• Power gradient, as illustrated in the stories we heard from Kathleen Bartholomew from the last module. Some people are made to feel that they are not important
• Lack of psychological safety, when people do not feel safe to speak up
• question is 1. How do you reduce anxiety of other people who may feel unsafe to speak up?