Researchers intentionally select individuals and sites to learn about and understand the central phenomenon under study. Determine for each of the following scenarios which type of sampling the researcher should use.

A. Researchers choose to interview only special education teachers from each site to participate in their study.

B. Alexis is interested in parents' response to their children's participation in elementary school classes that teach the children both in English and in Chinese. She identifies four such kindergarten classes in four different schools with the intent of generating a theory about parental attitudes toward having their children participate in these classes. What sort of sampling is Alexis using?

C. Researchers want to study sharing behavior of preschool children. Instead of random sample of preschool-aged children, the researchers decide to visit the local preschool and study a class of preschoolers.

D. Ben works at a university where many of the faculty, staff, and students eschew conservative value systems in favor of more liberal ones. In conversation with one of his students one day, he realizes that students who operate on a moretraditional, conservative value system sometimes have difficulty feeling that they fit in among their more liberal peers and, in fact, try to remain "underground" and "off the radar" so as not to draw the ire of the more liberal students. This notion piques Ben's research interests, and Ben and the student, Conrad, agree to meet weekly so that Ben can get more insight into the struggles that conservative students like Conrad encounter. During their third session, Ben says to Conrad, "It's so helpful to have your insights. Do you have any friends who share your values who might be willing to join us for these conversations, or to talk with me individually? I think it would really deepen my understanding of this topic." What sort of sampling is Ben using?

E. Maurice is concerned about the fact that there is evidence of gang activity at the local middle school where he works. He talks to the school resource officer about it, and the officer confirms the presence of gang activity, saying that in hisexperience, the gangs in Maurice's school are on a par with those in other middle schools in the area. Maurice has a good relationship with many of the students who are purported to be gang members, and when he causally asks them about it, three of them indicate that they do, in fact, belong to the same gang. Maurice decides to conduct research with these three students as a way of understanding the mind-set of middle school students who engage in gang behavior. What kind of sampling is Maurice using?

F. A researcher is studying an inner-city elementary school that has achieved exemplary reading and other achievement test scores.

G. A researcher is investigating why people dont complete their prescribed course of antibiotics and thinks that socioeconomic class may be a reason. They survey one rich community and one poor community.