Review Questions

Define measurement, and explain the difference between measures and indicators.

What does the acronym SMART signify for measurement? Why are these characteristics important?

What is a dashboard and why is it valuable in quality control?

Explain the difference between a nonconformance and a nonconforming unit of work.

What is the difference between an attribute measurement and a variable measurement?

Explain the difference in measuring nonconformances per unit and defects per million opportunities $($dpmo$)?$ What advantages does dpmo have as a quality measure?

Why are cost of quality programs valuable to managers?

List and explain the four major categories of quality costs. Give examples of each.

Provide some examples of low$-$tech and high$-$tech measuring instruments used in quality control.

Explain the importance of formula $(8\mathrm{.}5)$: $\backslash$sigma

$\backslash$sigma

$\backslash$sigma

$$

total

$2$

$=$

$$

process

$2$

$+$

$$

measurement

$2$

Describe the science of metrology.

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

What is calibration and why is it important to a good quality control system?

Explain the difference between repeatability and reproducibility.

How is an R&R study performed? What is its purpose?

Explain the term process capability. How can process capability generally be improved?

What are the three major types of process capability studies? Describe the methodology of conducting a process capability study.

Define the process capability indexes,

$$

$$

$,$

$$

pl

$,$ and

$$

pu

$,$ and explain how they may be used to establish or improve quality policies in operating areas or with suppliers.

Explain how to interpret the ratio

$$

pk

$/$

$$

$$

$.$

What does the term in statistical control mean?

How does a process performance index differ from a process capability index?

Explain how pre$-$control is applied. How does it differ from statistical process control?

Briefly describe the methodology of constructing and using control charts.

What does one look for in interpreting control charts? Explain what a control chart for a process in statistical control should look like, and the characteristics of out$-$of$-$control indicators.

Why is the s$-$chart sometimes used in place of the R$-$chart?

Describe some situations in which a chart for individual measurements would be used.

Does an np$-$chart provide any different information than a p$-$chart? Why would an np$-$chart be used?

Explain the difference between a c$-$chart and a u$-$chart.

What guidance does ISO standard $11462-1$ provide for organizations wishing to use SPC$?$

Explain the concept of rational subgroups.

What trade$-$offs are involved in selecting the sample size for a control chart?

Explain the economic trade$-$offs to consider when determining the sampling frequency to use in a control chart.