Review the textbook discussion of plasticity and neurogenesis. How does the case of Gabrielle Giffords illustrate (1) functional and (2) structural plasticity? Be sure to define each of these terms, and provide examples from the interview to illustrate the concepts.

Critical Thinking Exercise: The Dynamic Brain: Plasticity and Neurogenesis

On January 8, 2011, Jared Loughner entered the parking lot of a grocery store in Tucson, Arizona, and opened fire on a crowd of people, including Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords. Although Giffords survived the attack, her prognosis was grim. Although there are some discrepancies regarding the direct path of the bullet, we do know that a bullet entered her skull and traveled the entire length of the left side of her brain before exiting. In the days following the shooting, it was unclear if Giffords would ever be able to walk or talk again.

A team of specialistsincluding speech, physical, and occupational therapists, as well as neuropsychologistsworked tirelessly with Giffords on her rehabilitation. Remarkably, within two months, the congresswoman was able to mouth the words to "Happy Birthday" and "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star." Although she still has some physical and cognitive limitations today (e.g., paralysis on her right side and difficulties with speech), Giffords has resumed an active lifestyle with her family. Giffords is a wonderful example of the powerful restorative abilities of the brain. As discussed in your textbook, neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to change function and structure, especially when areas are damaged. Individuals who suffer brain damage may need to "relearn" simple day-to-day activities such as walking and talking. The brain's plasticity and capability for neurogenesis, especially at a young age, makes this relearning a possibility for many who have suffered brain damage.