Richport Company manufactures products that often require specification changes or modifications to meet customer needs. Consequently, Richport employs a job costing system for its operations.

Although the specification changes and modifications are commonplace, Richport has been able to establish a normal spoilage rate of 2.5% of total units produced (before spoilage is identified). The company recognizes normal spoilage during the budgeting process and classifies it as a component of factory overhead. Thus, the predetermined overhead rate used to apply factory overhead costs to jobs includes an allowance for net spoilage cost for normal spoilage. If spoilage on a job exceeds the normal rate, it is considered abnormal and must be analyzed. The cause of the spoilage must then be submitted to management.

Randa Duncan, one of Richports inspection managers, has been reviewing the output of Job N1192-122 that was recently completed. A total of 148,030 units had been started for the job, and 8,800 units were rejected at final inspection, meaning that the job yielded 139,230 good units.

Randa noted that 980 of the first units produced were rejected due to a very unusual design defect that was corrected immediately; no more units were rejected for this reason.

Randa was unable to identify a pattern for the remaining 7,820 rejected units. They can be sold at a salvage value of $8 per unit.

The total costs accumulated for all 148,030 units of Job N1192-122 follow. Although the job is completed, all of these costs are still in the Work-in-Process Inventory account (i.e., the cost of the completed job has not been transferred to the Finished Goods Inventory account).

Direct materials	$ 2,415,000
Direct labor	1,962,000
Applied factory overhead	4,060,710
Total cost of job	$ 8,437,710

Required:

1. Explain the distinction between normal and abnormal spoilage.

2. Distinguish among spoiled units, rework units, and scrap.