Robert has been the CEO at Nikita Incorporated for the last seven years. For the last three years, he has illegally diverted cash and assets to himself and his family members. He has abused corporate perks, such as using a company jet to fly to the Bahamas for a vacation and allowed his family members to use the gym and other amenities at the corporate office for free. He has spent corporate funds on vacation home in Miami, Florida and a threw a lavish New Years Eve party for a hundred friends. Which of the following governance mechanisms is illustrated in this scenario?

a. Stock options

b. The takeover constraint

c. Employee incentives

d. Greenmail

e. Self-dealing