RS600: Unit 5 Exercise Business Research Methods, Chapters 19 - 24 Reading Assignment Questions Theresa Bubak Name: Answer the following questions with a three to five sentence response that captures the key points or as specified as you review/consider the assigned reading in Business Research Methods, Chapters 19 through 24 in the course text. Be sure to complete Part 1 and Part 2; check the DUE dates on the course addendum. Part 1 (Questions 1 to 8) 1. State the purpose of the each of the following items in one summary sentence, according to the textbook: I. Editing: Editing is the process of checking the entire research, the compatibility, and correctness of the data while the data is getting ready for coding and transferring to storage. II. Raw Data Coding: Raw data coding is the process of giving a percentage or letter to data already edited. III. Raw Data Editing: Raw data editing is the process of examining and altering data for exclusions, compatibility, and correctness. 2. What role might a \"word counter\" play in coding qualitative research results and why? A role a word counter might play is to use qualitative research and studying primary interviews. The codes are than a key connection of a justifying unit that is linked with others to become qualitative research. The routine is that some researchers feel the need to express and identify appropriate coding for abnormal qualitative data. 3. A survey respondent from Florida has been asked to respond as to whether or not they own a boat and if so, whether they store the boat at a marina. Over two hundred respondents are included in this sample. What are the suggestions that you have regarding coding the information provided? This would need to be thought out carefully, but for coding the information what could be used is unique numerical numbers, names of boats with numbers, or customer names. I would think it would depend on if this is a new company. A new company would have to decide what type of coding they would like to use and how efficient they would like it to be. Stopping daily tasks to fill out spread sheets is not a time saver it takes up a lot of time. There is cellular phones with software that are available that can record voices which will than save voice commands, code data, and it's hands-free. This would be much faster when data comes in that needs coding. 4. How would a dummy variable be used to represent whether or not a respondent in a restaurant ordered dessert after their meal? Dummy coding is useful for dividing into two responses like yes or no. Dummy coding assigns a 0 to one category and a 1 to the other. So, for the yes-no responses to represent whether or not a respondent ordered dessert, a 0 could be no and a 1 would be yes. 5. List and describe in one summary sentence per technique, three technique in which recent technological advances (within the past 15 years) has changed the way data is coded: Recent technological advances created would be a coding tool that now allows business researchers a chance to collect and code data by what respondent's facial emotions says. These advances are more programmed of data coding and are reduced of the chance of a respondent error. For inconsistent responses usually will be automatically programmed and the respondent will be prompted to go back and correct a response. If the respondent does not answer a question, a pop-up window will take the respondent back to the question and make him/her answer the question in order to continue. List five descriptive statistics used to describe the basic properties of variables. One descriptive statistic that is used to explain the basic properties of variables is Mean, Median, and Modes. These terms all would be descriptive statistics describing the central group in different ways. The mean would represent the appropriate answer given. The Median would provide the answer that is the central, or middle range answer. The mode would be the answer that was given the most often. A second descriptive statistic that is used to explain the basic properties of variables is tabulation. This refers to the arrangement of data in a table like a format. Simple tabulation tells how frequently each response of information occurs. A third descriptive statistic used to explain the basic properties of variables is cross tabulation. This techniques is used for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple pauses within variables. A fourth descriptive statistic is used to explain the basic properties of variables is percentage cross tabulation. This is used when data from a survey are cross tabulated, percentages help to better understand the relationship by making comparisons easier. A fifth descriptive statistic used to explain the basic property of variables is elaboration analysis. This involves the basic cross tabulation within various subgroups of a sample. The researcher breaks down the analysis for each level of another variable. A very easy example to understand this method is research were conducted to compare and contrast two different groups with one common variable. 6. What is a histogram and what are the advantages of overlaying a normal distribution over a histogram? A histogram is a chart that shows bars that are horizontal shows the frequency of some type of distribution that links together to show a quick assessment. 7. List and describe three basic data transformations. T-test is a test that involves two sample t-tests to determine if two group's means are equal. Then a test is performed to see if a new process or treatment is superior to a current process or treatment. T-distribution is a test for probability distribution that is used to figure out population measurements when the sample size is small or when the population discrepancy is unknown. Degrees of freedom is a test that involves the number of values in a study that are free to vary. Example, if I have taken 10 classes to graduate, when only ten classes are offered, then I have nine degrees of freedom. The tenth semester there will only be one class left to take if I want to graduate. Part 2 (Questions 9 to 20) Answer the following questions with a three to five sentence response that captures the key points or as specified as you review/consider the assigned reading of Business Research Methods, Chapters 19 through 24 in the course text. 8. What is the purpose of a statistical hypothesis? A statistical hypothesis is either a statement about the value of a population framework that involves mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, proportion, total, or a statement about the kind of probability distribution that a certain variable command. 9. How is a p-value used to test a hypothesis? The P-value involves figuring out likely or unlikely by determining probability. If the Pvalue is less than, or equal to, , then the zero hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Then, if the P-value is larger than , then the zero hypothesis is not rejected. 10. The answers to a researcher's questions will be nominally scaled. What statistical test is appropriate for comparing the sample data with the hypothesized population data? The statistical test that is appropriate for comparing this data is the two-sample test. 11. Interpret the following computer cross-tab output including a 2 test displayed on the table displayed below. Variable COMMUTE is \"How did you get to work last week?\" Variable GENDER is \"Are you male or female?\" 12. What is covariance? Degree to which the value of a dependent variable and an associated independent variable moves in unit. Positive covariance means they move together directly, negative covariance means they move in opposite directions inversely. What are some different terms used to refer to the slope coefficient estimated in regression analysis? Some different terms that refer to coefficient and regression analysis are where b0 is a constant, b1 is the slope, are called the regression coefficient, x is the value of the independent variable, and is the predicted value of the dependent variable. 13. Respond to the following questions about regression analysis with two to three sentence : I. Define simple linear regression. Simple linear regression is a technique in parametric statistics that is usually used for analyzing mean response of a variable Y which than changes according to the magnitude of an intervention variable X. II. When is relying on raw parameter coefficients most appropriate and when is it most appropriate to rely on standardized parameter coefficients? When relying on raw parameter coefficients and when it is most appropriate is when the researcher is interested primarily in prediction. Standardized regression estimates should be used when the researcher is testing explanatory hypotheses. The standardized parameter is to explain rather than to make an actual prediction. III. Why is the Y-intercept estimate equal to 0 for standardized estimates? The Y-intercept is equal to 0 because it is due to the mathematics involved in standardization, and the standardized Y term is always 0. 14. Define multivariate statistical analysis in two to three sentences that capture the main concept. Multivariate statistics is a breakdown of statistics that surrounds the occurring observation and analysis of more than one result variable. The application of multivariate statistics is multivariate analysis. 15. Describe what the \"variate\" is in multivariate, give an example of a variate in multiple regression and in factor analysis. A variate is a mathematical way in which a set of variables can be represented with one equation. The purpose of multiple regression is to predict a single variable from one or more independent variables. An example, a researcher could use multiple regression to understand if an exam performance can be predicted based on correction of time, test, attendance and gender. An example, would be that a researcher measured the size of different parts of multiple body's. The researcher measured such things as height, arm, finger, and foot lengths and head, chest, and waist circumferences. Many of the measurements would be connected, and the explanation for these connections is that there is shared factors of body size. This is the shared factor that the researcher is looking for with factor analysis. 16. What is a factor loading? Factor loading is the relationship of each variable to the necessary factor that is expressed by the so-called factor loading. 17. Name at least two multivariate techniques that can be useful in constructing perceptual maps. 18. If a researcher uses multiple regression to predict a client's sales volume based on gross domestic product, personal income, disposable personal income, unemployment, and the consumer price index; what problems might be anticipated by using this multiple regression model and why