Ryan owns a Christmas tree farm that struggles to compete with the Christmas tree farm on the other end of town. He instructs one of his employees to set a fire at the rival farm, which destroys much of their stock and drives up demand for Ryan's trees. Ryan's employee is arrested for arson, and the rival farm sues for damages.

Is Ryan liable for the tort?

• Yes, Ryan is vicariously liable according to the "zone of risk" test because his employee's actions were foreseeable.
• Yes, Ryan is directly liable for the tortandfor the employee's criminal act of arson.
• Yes, Ryan is directly liable for the tort butnotfor the employee's criminal act of arson.
• No, Ryan is not liable in this case.