Sam, an agent for Alex, acts beyond the scope of his authority to enter into a contract on Alex's behalf. Alex approves of the deal and affirms the contract. This is

Sam, an agent for Alex, acts beyond the scope of his authority to enter into a contract on Alex's behalf. Alex approves of the deal and affirms the contract. This is

agency by ratification.

the appearance of$,$ but not in fact, an agency.

agency by agreement.

agency by estoppel.