Sam Ellis is worried. As president and CEO of Forward Software, Inc., Sam

introduced a new spreadsheet product, Cinco, to market last year. Forward Software has

been developing and marketing high-quality software packages for more than five years,

but those products were mostly computer software language interpreters, similar to

Pascal, FORTRAN, and C. These products received excellent critical reviews, and

because of Forwards aggressive pricing and marketing, the company quickly captured a

major share of the software market. Buoyed by its wide acceptance, last year Forward

Software decides to enter the applications area for the IBM and compatible audience,

leading off with Cinco and following up with a word processing application, Fast.

The spreadsheet market is dominated by Focus Software, whose product Focus

A-B-C has an 80% market share. Focus A-B-C was released in 1981, shortly after IBM

personal computer (PC) was introduced, and the two products had an immediate

symbolic effect. The spreadsheet was a major advance over what was available at the

time, but required the extra 16-bit processing power that the IBM PC offered. IBM, on

the other hand, needed an application that would make its PC a must buy. Sales of

Focus A-B-C and the IBM PC took off as a result of their near-simultaneous release.

At the time of its release, Focus A-B-C was a superb product, but it did have

flaws. For example, because the software was copy-protected, it could be installed on a

hard disk, but the original floppy disk has to be inserted each time before the software

could run. Many users found this step an annoyance. Another problem with A-B-C was

printing graphs. In order to print a graph, users had to exit the software and load a new

program, called Printgraf, which would then print the graph. Finally, the product had a

list price of $495, and the best discount price available was approximately $300.

However, Focus A-B-C had a unique menu system that was intuitive and easy to

use. Pressing the slash key (/) displayed the menu system at the top of the spreadsheet.

The menu allowed the user to make choices and provides a one-line explanation of each

menu option. Compared to the cryptic commands or keystrokes users had to enter in

other products, the Focus A-B-C menu system was a model of simplicity and clarity.

Millions of users became accustomed to the menu system and hailed its use.

Another advantage of Focus A-B-C was its ability to let users write their own

macros. Literally a program, a macro allowed a user to automate spreadsheet tasks and

then run them with a keystroke or two.

In 1985, a small company named Discount Software introduced its own

spreadsheet to the market. Called VIP Scheduler, the product looked and worked exactly

the same as Focus A-B-C. Pressing the slash key displayed the identical menu as found in

Focus A-B-C. VIP Scheduler was designed to look and work exactly as Focus A-B-C so

that users would not have to learn a new system and could start productive work

immediately. VIP Scheduler also offered two advantages over Focus A-B-C: its list price

was $99, and the software was not copy-protected. Sales for VIP Scheduler were strong,

but many consumers, perhaps feeling safer with the Focus name, did not buy the product,

even though critical reviews were positive. VIP Scheduler did find a receptive market in

academia.

When Forward released its first spreadsheet product, Cinco, it was hailed by

critics as a better all-around product than Focus A-B-C. It had better graphics, allowed

users to print graphs from within Cinco, and was 100% compatible with Focus A-B-C,

but the menu and options were arranged more intuitively. For users who did not to invest

time to learn a new menu system, Cinco could emulate the Focus A-B-C menu system.

Both menus were activated by pressing the slash key, and the users could specify easily

which menu system they wanted. All macros written for Focus A-B-C ran perfectly on

Cinco, provided that the Focus A-B-C menu system was being used. Because of

favorable reviews and aggressive marketing by Forward, Cinco quickly gained market

share. In a move that surprised the industry, Focus recently sued Discount Software,

publisher of VIP Scheduler, for copyright infringement. Focus claimed that its menu

system was an original work, and that VIP Scheduler, by incorporating that menu system

in its product, had violated copyright laws. Focus claimed that the look and feel of its

menu system could not be used in another product without permission. Sam is certain

that Focus initiated this lawsuit because Cinco has made such dramatic progress in

gaining a share of the spreadsheet market. Sam is also sure that Focuss target is not

really VIP Scheduler, because it has such a small market share, but Cinco.

After discussions with Forwards attorneys, Sam thinks that if he makes a quiet

overture to Focus to settle out of court, Focus would be amenable to such proposal. This

overture, if settled, would stave off potential negative publicity when Focus wins its suit

against Discount Software and then follows up with a lawsuit against Forward. Based on

projections of Cincos sales, Forwards attorneys think that Focus could ask for $5, $8, or

as much as $12 million in damages. Sam believes that the probabilities of Focus agreeing

to $5, $8, and $12 million are 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively. Also the settling process

would cost Forward $1 million of the attorneys fee.

Sam knows that settling now means an immediate loss of income, in the amount

of one of the three estimates given, plus an admission of defeat and guilt for Forward.

On the other hand, Sam could wait for the outcome of the Focus versus Discount

Software suit. Forwards attorneys believe that Focus has a 40% chance of winning its

lawsuit against Discount Software. With a win, Focus would have its legal precedent to

sue Forward. It is by no means certain that Focus would institute a lawsuit against

Forward because Forward is a much larger company than Discount Software and could

afford a vigorous legal defense. Also the case against Forward is not a clear-cut because

Cinco has its own menu system as the primary mode of operation and offers the Focus A-

B-C menu system for those who want to use it. VIP Scheduler provides only the Focus

A-B-C menu system. However, Forward attorneys believe there is a 90% chance that

Focus would initiate a lawsuit against Forward if Focus wins its suit against Discount

Software. They also believe that Focus would not initiate any lawsuit if Focus loses its

suit against Discount.

Sam believes that even if Focus sues Forward, he would still try to settle the case

out of court at that time or decide to go to trial. An attempt to settle out of court at that

time would be more expensive for Forward because Focus would feel secure that it would

win its case against Forward, having already won its lawsuit against Discount Software.

Thus Forwards attorneys think that Focus would settle for no less than $8 million,

possibly asking for $11 million or even $15 million. The respective probabilities that

Focus would settle for these amounts ($8, $11, and $15 million) are estimated to be 0.3,

0.4, and 0.3. Also, Forward would have to pay its attorneys roughly $1.2 million to go

through the settling process.

However, if Focus sues Forward and Forward decides to go to trial instead of

initiating settlement proceedings, Forward could lose the case. Forwards attorneys

estimate there is an 80% chance that Forward would lose the trial, resulting in a judgment

of $8 million, $16 million, or $18 million against Forward, with probabilities of 0.1, 0.3,

and 0.6, respectively. The attorneys also estimate that their fees for a trial could run

around $2.5 million.

What is Sams optimal decision strategy and what is the expected cost of that

strategy. What considerations would you like to bring to Sams attention?

An outside law firm has recently offered Forward Software for $0.7 million

dollars to conduct a detailed research on the likelihood that Discount Software will win

the lawsuit filed by Focus.

This law firm has a reputation in correctly predicting

outcomes of many copyright lawsuits similar to the one Sam may run into. In fact, the

prediction accuracy of this law firm in the past is about 90%

2

2

The outcomes of 90% of the lawsuits were correctly predicted by the law firm; i.e., P(Law firm predicts

Focus wins | Focus actually wins) = .90 and P(Law firm predicts Focus loses | Focus actually loses) = .90.

. Do you think Sam should

hire this law firm to do a similar study for Forward Software? In other words, is $0.7

million a good price for such a study, and if not, what should be Forwards counter offer?

Explain.