Sean wants to know if people's quality of life (QOL) is different living in Vancouver versus Portland. He gathers data from 100 people in Vancouver and 100 people in Portland. He finds that QOL is slightly higher in the Vancouver group (M = 25) compared to the Portland group (M = 23), t(98) = .79, p = .25. What is the IV?

adults living in Portland or Vancouver

state: Washington vs. Oregon

QOL

city: Vancouver vs. Portland