Section 2. Identifying Research Designs and Variables (20 points total). Below, you will find 4 different abstracts. Please identify the type of research design (e.g., correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental) along with the specific type of the design (e.g., is it between or within?).

Example 1: Private room as a test accommodation

Lawrence Lewandowski, Whitney Wood& Tonya Lambert

Abstract: The effects of a private vs. group test setting were examined on a reading comprehension test for a sample of typical college students. Participants took Forms G and H of the Nelson Denny Reading Comprehension Test in both private and group (classroom) settings.Sessions were counterbalanced, so that half the participants completed testing in a private room first while the other half completed testing in a group setting first. Contrary to expectations, performance was slightly better in the group setting. Performance was also better during the second session, regardless of setting. There was no setting by session interaction. The correlation between scores in the two settings was quite high, indicating that both settings produced similar results. The findings suggest that a private room does not produce a performance advantage for typical students, thus meeting one of the criteria of a valid test accommodation.

1. What is the study design? Is it correlational? Quasi-experimental? Or is this experimental? If so, is it between or within subjects design? Explain why you know this to be the design.

2. If this is an experimental study, what is the IV? How many levels are there to the IV? And what is the DV?

Example 2. Soltanifar, A., Moharreri, F., Bakhtiari, E., & Hosseinpour, A. (2023). The effect of adding sour cherry concentrate to the usual treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder In 6 To 12 years old dhildren. Journal of Attention Disorders, 27(2), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547221129307

Abstract. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sour cherry concentrate in symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In a randomized clinical trial, 70 children with ADHD referred to the psychiatric clinic of Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, in 2021 were selected. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received 75ml of sour cherry concentrate twice daily in addition to the routine treatment for 2weeks. The patients were evaluated using The Conner's Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) before and after the study by a psychiatry resident. Based on the findings, no significant differences were observed between the groups in change percent of Cognitive impairments (p=.317), Hyperactivity/impulsivity (p=.525), Oppositional (p=.986), and ADHD index (p=.451). Moreover, 28.6% and 31.4% of children with ADHD consuming the concentrate presented abdominal pain, and asthenia, respectively. The present study did not indicate a beneficial effect of sour cherry concentrate on symptoms of ADHD.

1. What is the study design? Is it correlational? Quasi-experimental? Or is this experimental? If so, is it between or within subjects design? Explain why you know this to be the design.

1. If this is an experimental study, what is the IV? How many levels are there to the IV? And what is the DV?

Example 3. Predicting the Extended Time Use of College Students With Disabilities

Laura M. Spenceley, Whitney L. M. Wood, Marisa Valentino, Lawrence J. Lewandowski

Abstract. This study investigated the extent to which standardized reading performance, individual perceptions of reading and test taking skills, and test anxiety predict the amount of extended time needed to equalize test access for college students with disabilities. Thirty-seven college students with a specific learning disorder (LD) and/or an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis who received university test accommodations were recruited to participate in this study, along with 37 controls. All participants individually completed standardized reading tests and rating scales, and a timed reading comprehension task in a group setting. Results indicated that participants receiving test accommodations utilized approximately 14% more time than control participants to complete the timed reading task. Regression analyses indicated that the differences in time required to complete the reading comprehension task were related to participants' reading fluency and decoding, as well as perceptions of the strength of their reading and test taking skills.

1. What is the study design? Is it correlational? Quasi-experimental? Or is this experimental? If so, is it between or within subjects design? Explain why you know this to be the design.

1. If this is an experimental study, what is the IV? How many levels are there to the IV? And what is the DV?

Example 4. Rhodes, J. D. (2023). An examination of the role of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a mediator of the relationship between ADHD and nicotine use.Journal of Attention Disorders,27(2), 220-227.https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547221130454

Abstract. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by executive dysfunction and functional impairments including nicotine consumption. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) has been associated with ADHD and posited as an independent construct. The present study hypothesized that SCT would moderate the relationships between ADHD and nicotine-related behaviors. Participants (n=309) were recruited using Mechanical Turk and completed measures of ADHD symptoms, SCT, and smoking history. ADHD was associated with age of initiation of smoking and more severe withdrawal symptoms for both combustible and electronic cigarettes. SCT significantly moderated the relationship between ADHD and withdrawal symptom severity (both electronic and combustible cigarettes). The results of the present study suggest that SCT plays an important role in the complex relationship between ADHD and smoking withdrawal. Future research should further explore the construct of SCT to better understand its role in psychopathology and intervention strategies.

1. What is the study design? Is it correlational? Quasi-experimental? Or is this experimental? If so, is it between or within subjects design? Explain why you know this to be the design.

1. If this is an experimental study, what is the IV? How many levels are there to the IV? And what is the DV?