SECTION A [40 MARKS] Read the case study below and answer the questions that follow. The National Climate Change Response Strategy South Africa is one of the youngest democracies in the world, with elections in 1994 marking the end of white minority rule. Twenty years on, its planned development pathway is described in the "National Development Plan" which has two overarching goals: to eliminate income poverty and to reduce inequality by 2030. The National Climate Change Response Strategy has been a catalyst for mainstreaming environmental issues in South Africa and is supported by the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, which promotes stewardship of limited natural resources, and the Green Economy Accord, which focuses on technology and job creation to meet development goals in a sustainable way. South Africa is a signatory to a number of international environmental treaties, including the Montreal Protocol, the UNCBD and the UNFCCC. In 2015, leaders representing 193 countries adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a framework to guide global development for the subsequent fifteen years. Many say the SDGs constitute the world's most ambitious set of development goals yet. South Africa was one of the early supporters of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This commitment is intertwined with its contribution to setting Africa's long-term development goals. In 2013, South Africa played a leading role in the African Union (AU) to define eight long-term development ideals for the continent. These ideals were later translated into the seven aspirations of the AU's Agenda 2063. At the same time, Heads of State and Government of the AU established a High-Level Committee, which comprised ten member states, including South Africa. This committee had the task of developing the Common African Position on the post-2015 development agenda. Subsequently, on the side-lines of the UN General Assembly, in September 2014, the ministers of the G77 plus China (G77+China) elected South Africa as a rotating Chair of the group for 2015. In this capacity, South Africa was responsible for leading the group during international negotiations that took place in 2015. In South Africa, the significant convergence between South Africa's National Development Plan (NDP) and the SDGs is often emphasised. According to an unpublished analysis by the Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME) and the UN Development Programme (UNDP), 74% of the SDG targets are directly addressed by the NDP, and sectoral programmes address 19% of the remaining targets (DPME, 2019). Seen in this way, the SDGs have the potential to accelerate the realisation of the ND The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The SDGs, which are closely aligned to our own National Development Plan, will be our yardstick to measure our progress globally and, more so, locally, to gauge the extent to which we as a country have been able to deliver on the dreams and ideals of our people of a "better life for all". Two years since South Africa launched its baseline report, we are on the threshold of releasing our country's first full-scale report - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Country Report 2019 - a report which gives an overview of our successes but also highlights the many challenges the country still faces in its efforts to rid itself of its triple challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. As a country, we are acutely aware that meaningful reporting is underpinned by proper measurement of the phenomena that will guide us to make rational decisions on whether, and to what extent, the country has been able to effect meaningful changes to the living conditions and life circumstances of its masses of people yearning for a better life. Thus, the statistics we produce and use become a conduit for delivering the hopes and dreams of nations yearning for prosperity for their people The three dimensions of sustainable development - economic, social and environmental - are profoundly interlinked. Economic growth without social inclusion or at the expense of the natural environment is as unwise as environmental protection at the expense of vulnerable groups and individuals. This is why signatories to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in article 2 of the Preamble, commit themselves to achieving the three dimensions of sustainable development in a balanced and integrated manner. Finding the balance between the three dimensions of sustainable development within a particular socioeconomic environment is an ongoing endeavour requiring commitment from all major societal actors and will differ from country to country. This is certainly the case for South Africa Basic Services: Energy Access, Water Access, Sanitation, and Housing Household access to electricity, piped water, adequate sanitation, and formal housing are all national priorities in South Africa. The GHS records seven levels of access to piped water (based on distance from the dwelling) and eight levels of sanitation. The official water target is "25l of potable water per person per day without interruption for more than 7 d within 200m of the dwelling," known as the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) standard , and the official sanitation indicator is "access to at least a ventilated pit latrine on site." In 2011/2012, 23.5% of households were deprived of electricity access, 4.5% were deprived of piped water access (RDP standard), 16.6% were deprived of adequate sanitation, and 22.3% were deprived of formal housing. Public Goods: Education, Health Care, and Voice There are numerous indicators to choose from when measuring education and health care. We did not use Raworth's MDG indicators because South Africa has achieved the MDG target of universal access to primary school, and there is no data for "access to essential medicines." We chose the SAIMD education indicator "adults with no secondary schooling," the adult illiteracy rate in Development Indicators, which was 19.3% in 2011. The only health care (rather than health) indicator in Development Indicators is "infant immunization coverage" (90.8% in 2011), which we used. Raworth did not define an indicator for voice and experts recommended that voice should measure public participation in decision- making, which does not appear in Development Indicators. We chose to keep the dimension without a national indicator, with further research required. Livelihoods: Jobs and Income Poverty, unemployment, and inequality make up South Africa's "triple challenge" and little progress has been seen since 1994. The official national poverty lines used in South Africa are a food poverty line of R305 per person per month (pppm), a lower-bound poverty line of R416 pppm, and an upper-bound poverty line of R577 pppm in 2011 Rands Living Standards: Food Security, Household Goods, and Safety Food security, household goods, and safety are important measures of living standards in South Africa. The only regularly reported national measure of hunger and food access is provided in the GHS, and we used the "households without adequate food" as our food security indicator, with a deprivation status of 23.1% in 2013. The SAIMD uses the indicators "ownership of a refrigerator" and "ownership of a radio and/or landline telephone" to measure material deprivation. (https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1400985111) (http://www.statssa.gov.za/MDG/SDGs_Country_Report_2019_South_Africa.pdf) Answer ALL the questions in this section.

QUESTION 1

(20 Marks) In the narrative, it is argued that The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. South Africa needs to focus on building a capable and developmental state. The experience of other countries shows that this cannot be done overnight. Measures will have to be strengthened over time. By making use of practical examples, elaborate on the EIGHT (8) developmental areas where targeted action is particularly important and explain what needs to be done to be successful in this development programme.