Services can pose a variety of managerial challenges for managers- challenges that in manufacturing are either much less or nonexistent. And because services represent an increasing share of the economy, this places added importance on understanding and dealing with the challenges of managing services. Here are some of the main factors: . Jobs in service environments are often less structured than in manufacturing environments. . Customer contact is usually much higher in services. . In many services, worker skill levels are low compared to those of manufacturing workers. . Services are adding many new workers in low-skill, entry-level positions. . Employee turnover is often higher, especially in the low- skill jobs.- Input variability tends to be higher in many service emiron- ments than in manufacturing. - Service performance can be adversely affected by workers' emotions. distractions. customers' attitudes. and other factors. many of which are beyond managers' control. Because of these factors. quality and costs are more dfiicult to control. productivity tends to be lower. the risk of customer dis- satisfaction is greater. and employee motivation is more difcdt. Questions 1. What managerial challenges do services present that manufac turing does not? 2. Why does service management present more challenges than manufacturing