Sharon Little STA 322 Week 1 Assignment DR. Brent Albrecht 120 Points Misleading Graphs 1. Look at the Day care children graphs in the excel file \"STA322 week 1 data\" on the tab \"Misleading\". Discuss the benefits of using Graph A versus Graph B. (15 points) Bar graphs have an x and y axis. In a bar graph the horizontal side is the x axis and the vertical side is the y axis of the graph. Collecting data from graph A would be more beneficial than using graph B because it has a solid view of the survey's results. The first graph is visually strong and it can easily be compared to two or three data sets. The first bar graphs display categorical data in a way that makes them easier to understand. Graph A is a better way of comparing results in the survey than graph B because it has a zero axis where the data can be shown with more accuracy. Graph B does not have a zero axis. In a bar graph like these it is important to set the axis to the data that is shown. If the axis is not clear then the graph may be misleading and not clear to people what the data is. 2. Look at the Voting data in the excel file \"STA322 week 1 data\" on the tab \"Misleading\". Graph the data in a column (bar) graph. Create another graph that manipulates the axis to appear misleading. Compare and discuss the two graphs. (20 points) Bar graphs have an x and y axis (Egger, Carpi, 2008). In a bar graph the horizontal side is the x axis and the vertical side is the y axis of the graph. Collecting data from graph A would be more beneficial than using graph B because it has a solid view of the survey's results. The first graph is visually strong and it can easily be compared to two or three data sets. The first bar graph displays categorical data in a way that makes them easier to understand (Egger, Carpi, 2008). Graph A is a better way of comparing results in the survey than graph B because it has a zero axis where the data can be shown with more accuracy. In a bar graph like these it is important to set the axis the data that is shown. If the axis is not clear then the graph may be misleading and not clear to people what the data represents. A good graph would start at zero on the y-axis, and that is not the case in graph B. Some graphs are misleading because one or both of the axis begins with some value other than zero, and this makes it hard to find the differences which will be exaggerated which is what it indicates in graph B. Reference Anne E. Egger, Ph.D., Anthony Carpi, Ph.D. (2008). \"Using Graphs and Visual Data in Science\" Vision learning Vol. POS-1 (4), 2008. 3. In your future career, you will be asked to collect data, analyze data and write reports. In the analysis of data, you may choose to display your results in a graph. This week as we discuss misleading graphs, we learned that we need to be aware of these types of graphs, not only for reporting results, but also as we read and interpret graphs (to be observant and look for key points on a graph). Find a graph that appears to be misleading and discuss. Explain ways you would change the graph to make it appear more accurate. (15 points) In this graph, there are no zero axes. This makes the information look as if there are more democrats that are in favor of the court decision in this graph. If you look closer to the vertical axis at the scale there is only a slight difference over that of the other parties (Andale, 2016). On a vertical scale the baseline should be zero. Graphs should show a baseline of zero to be more accurate. On this graph I would change the baseline to zero to show a better comparison between the parties. Graphs that do not have a zero baseline and start at some other value tend to be misleading (Andale, 2016). The graph has a vertical axis that provides a distorted view of what the data is (Andale, 2016). I would change the scale so that the point value would be above the bars. I think that having the values there would provide a better sense of what the differences are because without them there is no way of knowing what to compare in the x and y-axis. Reference Andale, (2016). Misleading graphs: Real life examples. Retrieved from http://www.statisticshowto.com/misleading-graphs/ Sampling Techniques 4. Look at the excel file \"STA322 week 1 data\" of tab \"Sampling.\" The survey question asked was \"Do you have a college degree or currently working on a college degree?\" Data is shown using 2 different types of sampling (Convenience -asking your family to complete the survey and Cluster-asking 5 students from 3 classes). Using the data provided, graph each set of data using the same style of chart in Microsoft Excel. Looking at the data provided and the chart results, would either of these sampling techniques provide useful information for you? Are these the best sampling techniques if you are deciding how many people you know are in college? Discuss. (20 points) Determine the sampling technique of the following (convenience, cluster, stratified, simple random or systematic). 5. A class of freshmen is divided into 5 groups to work on a Final presentation. 2 groups are randomly chosen to present at the graduation rehearsal. (6 points) Cluster 6. The grocery store greeter polls every 50 th customer that comes into the store on Saturdays. (6 points) Systemic 7. In a survey of 100 employees they were asked about their training they received. The sample consisted of those who chose to respond to the survey. (6 points) Random Determine the type of data for the following (Qualitative, Quantitative-discrete or Quantitative Continuous). 8. The amount of sugar in the new cookie is 12.3 grams. (6 points) Quantitative- continuous 9. The container has 14 ounces of potato chips. (6 points) Quantitative-discrete 10. The class was broken down into Freshman, Sophomore, Junior and Seniors. (6 points) Qualitative Determine if the following is a Parameter or a Statistic. 11. Among all the students in the class that were surveyed, 42% were residents of Utah. (7 points) A parameter, since all the students in the class was surveyed so 0.42 is parameter. 12. If the class of 30 students was the population, 10 were surveyed and had all completed their assignment on time. (7 points) statistic, since out of 30, 10 are selected for survey so it is statistics. A 1. Graph of States vs Children in After School Activities State Day care children Colorado 485,000 California 350,780 Texas 202,000 600,000 500,000 Vermont 75,000 400,000 Tennessee 82,000 300,000 Hawaii 200,150 Graph A - After School Activities Day care children 200,000 100,000 0 Graph B - After School Activities 520,000 470,000 420,000 370,000 320,000 270,000 220,000 170,000 120,000 70,000 Day care children Activities 2. Graph the Following for voting using the column (bar) graph Democratic 48 Republican 42 Independent 10 Graph A - Voting 60 Day care children 50 48 42 40 30 20 Activities 10 10 0 1 2 3 Day care children Graph B - Voting 55 48 45 42 35 25 15 5 10 1 2 3 Sharon Little STA 322-1 Brent Albrecht ph A - Voting 42 10 2 3 ph B - Voting 42 10 2 3 Question: Do you have a college degree or currently working on a college degree? Convenience Sampling (Ask family) Grandma no Grandpa no Mom no Dad no Sister- Kay yes Sister-Sally no Brother-Joe no Cousin-Bill no Cousin-Jan no Cousin-Jamie yes Cousin-Paul yes Uncle-David no Aunt-Mary no Uncle-Bill no Aunt-Sue yes Cluster Sampling (Choose 5 students out of 3 or your past classe Bill yes Kristie yes Mark yes Pam yes John yes Matt yes Stephanie yes Laura yes Jamie yes Brian yes Alan yes Chris yes Martha yes Melissa yes Sharon yes ts out of 3 or your past classes) Convenience Sampling (Ask Family) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 Cluster Sampling Choose 5 students out of 3 of your past classes 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3