Short essay questions.

42. "Consider a health policy that is aimed at controlling COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Describe the policy. Then describe, in detail, a study you would conduct to test the effectiveness of the policy."

43."Give an example of a hypothetical ecologic study, including the exposure and outcome and how you would measure each. Name and describe one advantage and one disadvantage of ecologic studies."

44. "Consider the criteria of causality described by Hill. How would you use these criteria to determine whether the experience of racism causes higher rates of chronic illnesses?"