Since 1995, more than 45,000 people in the United States have died waiting for a suitable donor organ. Although an oft-cited poll (1) showed that 85% of Americans approve of organ donation, less than half had made a decision about donat- ing, and fewer still (28%) had granted per- mission by signing a donor card, a pattern also observed in Germany, Spain, and Sweden (2-4). Given the shortage of donors, the gap between approval and ac- tion is a matter of life and death.Did this study pair subjects in one group with subjects in another group or are the subjects in the different recruiting groups independent of each other