SKELETAL SYSTEM.

• What is the difference between endochondral and membranous bone formation? Give example.
• Describe the classification of bone by shape with example.
• What are the different parts of long bone? Give description for each part?
• Define axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Then classify bone into axial and appendicular skeleton.
• Describe the following structure
• Coronal suture
• Sagittal suture
• Lambdoid suture
• Anterior fontanelle
• Posterior fontanelle
• Write the name of the 7 process of typical vertebrae.
• Describe the following vertebral deformity
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis
• Scoliosis
• Describe true, false, floating ribs and costal margin.
• What are the three parts of sternum?
• What are the bones which connect the upper appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton? What about the lower appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton?
• Define the structure and give the name of the bone found within it
• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
• Forearm
• Hand
• Pelvic girdle
• Thigh
• Leg
• Foot
• Define joints and describe the classification of joint by their structure and function.
• What are the different types of synovial joint? Give description with example.
• Describe shoulder and hip joints.

 

 

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Describe the microscopic feature of skeletal muscle fibers. Also explain how muscle contraction and relaxation occur.
• Describe different types of muscle fibers with their respective characteristics (white, red).
• Describe the connective tissue covering of skeletal muscles (epimysium, perimysium and endomysium)
• Describe naming of skeletal muscles by example.
• Write the name of the muscles with their respective innervation
• Extraocular muscles
• Muscles of the tongue
• Masticatory muscles
• What is special about muscles of facial expression from other skeletal muscles? What is their innervation? What do you think will happen if they lose their innervation?
•  Write the action of the following muscles with their respective innervation
• Sternocleidomastoid muscles
• Biceps
• Triceps
• Diaphragm
• Internal intercostal muscles
• Pronator quadratus
• Adductor pollicis
• Quadricep muscles
• Hamstring muscles
• Calf muscles
• What are the components of rotator cuff muscles?        
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Describe the anatomy of neuron.
• Describe the classification of neuron.
• Define the following terms
• White matter
• Tracts
• Gray matter
• Nuclei
• Ganglia
• Cortex
• Nerves
• Describe central and peripheral neuroglial cells with their respective function.
• Describe the protective structure of the brain and spinal cord (bone, meninges, CSF, Blood brain barrier)
• Describe the following structure
• Falx cerebri
• Falx cerebelli
• Tentorium cerebllei
• Describe the different part of the brain (anatomy and their function)
• Cerebrum
• Diencephalon
• Midbrain
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
• Describe the cranial nerve with their nuclei of origin and function.
• Describe ventricle of the brain, CSF production, circulation and absorption.
•  Describe the anatomy and function of brain blood brain. Which type of substance/drugs can pass or not pass the blood brain barrier? Why?
•  Which part of the brain is most likely injured if an 80-year-old male individual become unable to speak when he awakes from his sleep?
• Describe ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord.