SmartAuto Manufacturing is engaged in the production of replacement parts for automobiles. One plant specializes in the production of two parts: Part #127 and Part #234. Part #127 produced the highest volume of activity, and for many years it was the only part produced by the plant. Five years ago, Part #234 was added. Part #234 was more difficult to manufacture and required special tooling and setups. Profits increased for the first three years after the addition of the new product. In the last two years, however, the plant faced intense competition, and its sales of Part #127 dropped. In fact, the plant showed a small loss in the most recent reporting period.

Much of the competition was from foreign sources, and the plant manager was convinced that the foreign producers were guilty of selling the part below the cost of producing it. The following conversation between Patricia Wang, plant manager, and James Tin, divisional marketing manager, reflects the concerns of the division about the future of the plant and its products.

JAMES: You know, Patricia, the divisional manager is real concerned about the plant's trend. He indicated that in this budgetary environment, we can't afford to carry plants that don't show a profit. We shut one down just last month because it couldn't handle the competition.

PATRICIA: James, you and I both know that Part #127 has a reputation for quality and value. It has been a mainstay for years. I don't understand what's happening.

JAMES: I just received a call from one of our major customers concerning Part #127. He said that a sales representative from another firm offered the part at $20 per unit $11 less than what we charge. It's hard to compete with a price like that. Perhaps the plant is simply obsolete.

PATRICIA: No. I don't buy that. From my sources, I know we have good technology. We are efficient. And it's costing a little more than $21 to produce that part. I don't see how these companies can afford to sell it so cheaply. I'm not convinced that we should meet the price. Perhaps a better strategy is to emphasize producing and selling more of Part #234. Our margin is high on this product, and we have virtually no competition for it.

JAMES: You may be right. I think we can increase the price significantly and not lose business. I called a few customers to see how they would react to a 25 percent increase in price, and they all said that they would still purchase the same quantity as before.

PATRICIA: It sounds promising. However, before we make a major commitment to Part #234, I think we had better explore other possible explanations. I want to know how our production costs compare to those of our competitors. Perhaps we could be more efficient and find a way to earn our normal return on Part #127. The market is so much bigger for this part. I'm not sure we can survive with only Part #234. Besides, my production people hate that part. It's very difficult to produce.

After her meeting with James, Patricia requested an investigation of the production costs and comparative efficiency. She received approval to hire a consulting group to make an independent investigation. After a three-month assessment, the consulting group provided the following information on the plant's production activities and costs associated with the two products:

	Part #127	Part #234
Production	500,000	100,000
Selling price	$31.86	$24.00
Overhead per unit*	$12.83	$5.77
Prime cost per unit	$8.53	$6.26
Number of production runs	100	200
Receiving orders	400	1,000
Machine hours	125,000	60,000
Direct labor hours	250,000	22,500
Engineering hours	5,000	5,000
Material moves	500	400

* Calculated using a plantwide rate based on direct labor hours. This is the current way of assigning the plant's overhead to its products. The consulting group recommended switching the overhead assignment to an activity-based approach. It maintained that the activity-based cost assignment is more accurate and will provide better information for decision making. To facilitate this recommendation, it grouped the plant's activities into homogeneous sets with the following costs:

Overhead:
	Setup costs	$ 240,000
	Machine costs	1,750,000
	Receiving costs	2,100,000
	Engineering costs	2,000,000
	Materials-handling costs	900,000
Total		$ 6,990,000

Required:

1. Verify the overhead cost per unit reported by the consulting group using direct labor hours to assign overhead. a. Compute the per-unit gross margin for each product.

2. After learning of activity-based costing, Patricia asked the controller to compute the product cost using this approach. Re-compute the unit cost of each product using activity-based costing. Compute the per-unit gross margin for each product.

3. Should the company switch its emphasis from the high-volume product to the low-volume product? Comment on the validity of the plant manager's concern that competitors are selling below the cost of making Part #127.