Socrates and Erasmus The Socrates II European program supports cooperation in education in eight areas, from school to higher education, from new technologies, to adult learners. Within Socrates II is the program Erasmus that was established in 1987 with the objective to facilitate the mobility of higher education students within European universities. The program is named after the philosopher, theologian, and humanist, Erasmus of Rotterdam (1465 1536). Erasmus lived and worked in several parts of Europe in quest of knowledge and experience believing such contacts with different cultures could only furnish a broad knowledge. He left his fortune to the University of Basel and became a precursor of mobility grants. The Erasmus program has 31 participating countries that include the 25 member states of the European Union, the three European Economic area countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, and the current three candidate countries Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The program is open to universities for all higher education programs including doctoral courses. In between the academic years 1987 1988 to 2003 2004 more than 1 million university students had spent an Erasmus period abroad and there are 2,199 higher education institutions participating in the program. The European Union budget for 2000 2006 is 950 million of which about 750 million is for student grants. In the academic year 2003 2004, the Erasmus students according to their Country of origin and their country of study, or host country is given in the cross-classication Table I and the eld of study for these students according to their home country is given in Table 2. It is the target of the Erasmus program to have a balance in the gender mix and the program administrators felt that the prole for subsequent academic years would be similar to the prole for the academic year 2003 2004. Required A sample of random data for the Erasmus program for the academic year 2005 2006 was provided by the registrar's ofce and this is given in Table 3. Does this information bear out the program administrator's belief if this is tested at the 1%, 5%, and 10% signicance level for a difference? Table 1 Students by field of study 2003-2004 according to home country Subject AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE GR HU IS IE IT LV Agricultural sciences 37 156 51 0 187 18 6 64 398 181 81 136 3 3 317 14 Architecture, Planning 128 163 32 0 168 54 12 30 519 762 149 75 0 30 877 9 Art and design 193 209 42 0 182 60 47 326 651 906 143 114 24 90 756 31 Business studies 1,117 1,089 97 7 584 364 47 1,383 6,573 5,023 306 450 56 593 1,963 88 Education, Teacher training 260 414 12 24 228 74 2 100 320 535 81 126 22 24 267 27 Engineering, Technology 248 384 133 3 481 112 22 487 2,833 1,376 143 147 20 52 1,545 10 Geography, Geology 32 28 12 0 90 27 9 33 259 433 46 66 3 12 206 14 Humanities 147 105 14 0 148 141 9 136 598 1,048 131 64 13 51 1,144 13 Languages, Philological 505 603 73 15 464 346 51 316 3,321 3,528 327 248 47 305 3,346 21 sciences Law 231 357 37 0 185 103 28 117 1,449 1,474 191 159 7 142 1,455 7 Mathematics, Informatics 146 139 86 0 123 20 4 108 570 803 104 64 4 45 392 13 Medical sciences 144 349 60 12 222 115 12 291 399 1,021 172 125 4 46 1,045 8 Natural sciences 143 51 33 0 113 33 4 93 843 879 87 29 W 62 453 6 Social sciences 250 500 48 3 309 171 32 307 1,787 2,067 343 200 15 210 2,220 38 Communication and 112 212 19 0 14 44 12 100 295 425 38 23 0 32 723 5 information science Other areas 28 30 2 0 91 4 8 60 166 227 43 32 0 8 120 4 Total 3,721 4,789 751 64 3,589 1,686 305 3,951 20,981 20,688 2,385 2,058 221 1,705 16,829 308Table 1 (Continued) Subject LI LT LU MT NL NO PL PT RO SK SI ES SE UK Agricultural sciences EUI 0 48 Total 0 0 80 27 112 69 61 37 23 566 19 Architecture, Planning 23 9 0 37 2,717 4 2 109 19 321 264 64 18 24 854 64 Art and design 96 0 0 63 4,893 4 3 145 69 232 205 87 34 38 905 90 Business studies 489 0 10 241 6,138 15 6 1,089 275 1,342 386 290 169 146 3,244 902 Education, Teacher training 1,332 0 0 56 29,187 43 11 354 92 126 215 47 15 17 602 69 Engineering, Technology 163 0 189 4,326 0 6 9 224 1 12 752 479 604 106 35 3,109 Geography, Geology 424 269 0 14,314 O 25 8 2 84 5 158 66 147 10 6 450 Humanities 31 88 0 2,350 O 33 2 81 39 171 60 116 22 12 654 Languages, Philological 48 8 0 206 5,215 92 14 7 253 84 675 334 451 84 97 sciences 2,568 121 2,875 0 21,171 Law 0 87 6 31 303 77 429 190 98 25 51 1,413 Mathematics, Informatics 195 754 65 9,602 0 1 55 35 301 87 176 23 3 674 46 Medical sciences 92 0 0 85 4,179 8 32 219 142 247 407 209 71 6 1,211 Natural sciences 176 232 0 0 43 7 7,070 4 51 22 361 216 206 29 2 Social sciences 1,062 84 220 0 0 97 5,139 19 5 992 137 928 487 355 29 65 1,701 Communication and 313 585 0 14,214 17 1 Un 264 10 68 155 54 3 19 information science 800 56 83 0 3,589 Other areas 0 16 0 85 11 53 162 40 7 2 221 Total 29 32 0 19 1,482 1,194 138 119 4,388 1,156 6,276 3,782 3,005 682 546 20,034 2,667 7,539 10 135,586Table 2 Erasmus students 2003-2007 by home country and host country Home Country Code AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI Austria FR DE AT GR HU IS 79 IE IT 3 5 LV 51 104 7 Belgium 227 528 262 BE 30 30 105 15 132 11 461 5 51 84 5 218 768 Bulgaria 306 75 28 3 BG 52 121 467 4 46 14 16 136 Cyprus 227 CY 62 6 39 0 0 2 14 9 Czech Republic 4 CZ 13 211 0 3 134 103 Denmark 241 510 931 78 DK 70 43 180 44 2 19 2 5 Estonia 260 302 13 EE 3 16 12 36 111 10 19 47 Finland 42 59 6 FI 229 2 148 26 5 9 126 37 35 France 413 654 72 FR 162 14 111 361 420 9 10 190 9 206 500 21 727 Germany 2,804 DE 218 169 23 387 330 1,081 17 1,550 207 3 410 25 918 Greece 3,997 GR 165 171 71 47 926 140 6 8 1,755 23 63 45 Hungary 116 420 356 20 HU 110 2 98 27 248 44 201 Iceland 276 566 IS 42 10 4 15 227 54 Ireland 26 40 3 IE 35 47 2 16 6 26 30 2 40 Italy 557 12 IT 292 339 5 633 8 7 109 86 357 28 367 2,859 Latvia 1,994 180 LV 129 29 8 27 230 13 42 18 Liechtenstein 111 LI 0 2 0 2 2 3 Lithuania 1 LT 49 1 70 145 180 77 Luxembourg 294 18 LU 17 10 1 67 0 0 2 2 0 Malta 1 27 39 0 MT 0 4 0 9 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 Netherlands 3 6 NL 0 98 6 184 52 0 44 158 275 543 Norway 391 NO 42 49 50 88 28 0 11 0 0 256 53 0 6 Poland 15 156 190 15 0 0 PL 159 358 17 85 0 362 310 855 Portugal 1,870 PT 122 74 53 250 481 8 8 103 63 3 95 325 Romania 295 53 59 RO 38 4 19 163 713 5 29 33 Slovakia 1,125 457 SK 87 44 50 21 448 11 Slovenia 52 80 191 SI 24 59 2 30 58 19 24 62 Spain 125 6 1 ES 298 1,054 56 11 0 169 573 12 501 Sweden 3,412 2,553 SE 178 67 142 21 513 42 0 0 4,250 38 25 10 24 484 United Kingdom 426 17 28 UK 143 117 5 80 137 3 107 136 8 EUI* 233 2,303 1,127 60 31 9 EUR 2 21 740 Total 4 3,161 4,513 90 62 1,298 3,396 166 4,932 20,275 16,874 1,593 951 199 3,587 12,743 *European University Institute, Florence 65Table 3 Sample of Erasmus student enrollments for the academic year 2005-2006 Family name First name Home country Study area Gender Algard Erik Norway Business studies M Alinei Gratian Romania Business studies M Andersen Birgitte Brix Denmark Engineering, Technology F Bay Hilde Norway Social sciences F Bednarczyk Tomasz Poland Law M Berberich Remi Germany Engineering, Technology M Berculo Ruwan Netherlands Business studies M Engler Dorothea Germany Geography, Geology Ernst Folker Germany Business studies M Fouche Elie France Education, Teacher training M Garcia Miguel Spain Communication and M information science Guenin Aurelie France Humanities F Johannessen Sanne Lyng Denmark Business studies F Justnes Petter Norway Languages, Philological M sciences Kauffeldt Ane Katrine Denmark Business studies F Keddie Nikki United Kingdom Mathematics, Informatics Lorenz Jan Sebastian Germany Business studies M Mallet Guillaume France Business studies M Manzo Margherita Italy Business studies F Margineanu Florin Romania Agricultural sciences M Miechowka Anne Sophie France Engineering, Technology F Mynborg Astrid Denmark Humanities F Napolitano Silvia Italy Architecture, Planning F Neilson Alison United Kingdom Business studies F Ou Kalvin France Education, Teacher training M Rachbauer Thomas Austria Engineering, Technology M Savreux Margaux France Mathematics, Informatics F Seda Jiri Czech Republic Agricultural sciences M Semoradova Petra Czech Republic Natural sciences F Torres Maria Teresa Spain Humanities F Ungerstedt Malin Sweden Law F Ververken Alexander Belgium Languages, Philological M sciences Viscardi Alessandra Italy Business studies F Zawisza Katarzyna Poland Business studies F