Some management behaviour in financial reporting may be considered unethical, but not necessarily fraudulent (illegal). Because financial reporting is not an exact science, the competence and integrity of management are both relevant in preparing high quality financial reports.

a) Discuss FOUR (4) roles of ethics and the behaviour of management in managing earnings and committing fraud based on the above article. b) Explain TWO (2) techniques of earnings management and the examples for each technique that can be used by companies to show positive income

c) The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many companies in contributing to the post-employment benefits either on the defined contribution plans or the defined benefit plans. Explain THREE (3) differences in recognizing and measuring the defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans in accordance with MFRS 119 Employee Benefits