Sophia purchased a variable annuity contract with a purchase payment of $90,000. Surrender charges begin with 8 percent in the first year and decline by 2 percent each year. In addition, Sophia can withdraw 11 percent of her contract value each year without paying surrender charges. In the first year, Sophia needed to withdraw $16,000. Assume that the contract value had not increased or decreased because of investment performance. What was the surrender charge Sophia had to pay?