Sound Tek Inc. manufactures electronc stereo equlpment. The manufacturing process Includes printed circult (PC) board assembly, final assembly, testing, and shlpplng. In the PC board assembly operatlon, a number of individuals are responsible for assembling electronic components into printed circuit boards. Each operator is responsible for soldering components according to a given set of instructions. Operators work on batches of 50 printed circuit boards, Each board requires 4 minutes of board assembly time. After each batch is completed, the operetor moves the assembled boards to the final assembly area. This move takes 11 minutes to complete. The final assembly for each stereo unit requires 22 minutes and is elso done in batches of 50 units. A batch of 50 stereos is moved into the test building, which is across the street. The move takes 20 minutes. Before conducting the test, the test equlpment must be set up for the particular stereo model. The test setup requires 30 mlnutes. The unlts walt wh le the setup Is performed. In the flnal test, the 50-unit batch Is tested one at a time. Each test requires 6 minutes. The completed batch, after all testing, is sent to shipping for packaging and final shipment to customers. A complete batch of 50 units is sent from testing to shipping. The Shipping Department is located next to testing. Thus, there is no move time between these two operations, Packaging and labeling requires 8 minutes per unit. 1. Determine the amount of value-added and non-value-added lead time and the value-added ratlo In this process for an average stereo unit In a batch of 50 unlts. Categorize the non-value-added time Into walt and move time. Round the percentage to one decimal place value-added lead time min. Non-value-added lead time Walt time lead time min. min. Move time lead tme Total non-value-added lead time Total lead time Value-added ratio (as a percent) 2. Move time In this process could best be reduced by: a. Doing nothing b. Changing the layout from a process orlentation to a product orientatlorn c. Increasing batch sizes. d. Elimlnating the testing step e. Hiring more workers. min