Starfax, Inc., manufactures a small part that is widely used in various electronic products such as home computers. Results for the first three years of operations were as follows (absorption costing basis):

	Year 1			Year 2			Year 3
Sales	$	1,000,000		$	780,000		$	1,000,000
Cost of goods sold		740,000			520,000			785,000
Gross margin		260,000			260,000			215,000
Selling and administrative expenses		230,000			200,000			230,000
Net operating income (loss)	$	30,000		$	60,000		$	(15,000	)

In the latter part of Year 2, a competitor went out of business and in the process dumped a large number of units on the market. As a result, Starfaxs sales dropped by 20% during Year 2 even though production increased during the year. Management had expected sales to remain constant at 50,000 units; the increased production was designed to provide the company with a buffer of protection against unexpected spurts in demand. By the start of Year 3, management could see that it had excess inventory and that spurts in demand were unlikely. To reduce the excessive inventories, Starfax cut back production during Year 3, as shown below:

	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
Production in units	50,000	60,000	40,000
Sales in units	50,000	40,000	50,000

Additional information about the company follows:

1. The companys plant is highly automated. Variable manufacturing expenses (direct materials, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead) total only $4.00 per unit, and fixed manufacturing overhead expenses total $540,000 per year.

2. A new fixed manufacturing overhead rate is computed each year based that year's actual fixed manufacturing overhead costs divided by the actual number of units produced.

3. Variable selling and administrative expenses were $3 per unit sold in each year. Fixed selling and administrative expenses totaled $80,000 per year.

4. The company uses a FIFO inventory flow assumption. (FIFO means first-in first-out. In other words, it assumes that the oldest units in inventory are sold first.)

Starfaxs management cant understand why profits doubled during Year 2 when sales dropped by 20% and why a loss was incurred during Year 3 when sales recovered to previous levels.

Required:

1. Prepare a variable costing income statement for each year.

2. Refer to the absorption costing income statements above.

a. Compute the unit product cost in each year under absorption costing. Show how much of this cost is variable and how much is fixed.

b. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating income figures for each year.

5b. If Lean Production had been used during Year 2 and Year 3, what would the companys net operating income (or loss) have been in each year under absorption costing?

1:Prepare a variable costing income statement for each year.

Starfax, Inc.
Variable Costing Income Statement
	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
Sales	$1,000,000	$780,000	$1,000,000
Variable expenses:
Variable cost of goods sold
Total variable expenses	0	0	0
	1,000,000	780,000	1,000,000
Fixed expenses:
Total fixed expenses	0	0	0
Net operating income (loss)	$1,000,000	$780,000	$1,000,000

2a: Compute the unit product cost in each year under absorption costing. Show how much of this cost is variable and how much is fixed. (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answers to 2 decimal places.)

	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
Variable manufacturing cost
Fixed manufacturing cost
Unit product cost	$0.00	$0.00	$0.00

2b: Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating income figures for each year. (Enter any losses or deductions as a negative value.)

Reconciliation of Variable Costing and Absorption Costing Net Operating Incomes
	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
Variable costing net operating income (loss)
Add fixed manufacturing overhead deferred in inventory
Deduct fixed manufacturing overhead cost released from inventory
Absorption costing net operating income (loss)

5b: If Lean Production had been used during Year 2 and Year 3, what would the companys net operating income (or loss) have been in each year under absorption costing? (Loss amounts should be indicated with a minus sign.)

Year 1
Year 2
Year 3