Stowers Research issues bonds dated January 1, 2011, that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds have a $23,000 par value and an annual contract rate of 8%, and they mature in 10 years. Required: Consider each of the following three separate situations. (Use Table B.1, Table B.3) 1. The market rate at the date of issuance is 6%. (a) Determine the bonds' issue price on January 1, 2011. (Round "PV Factors" to 4 decimal places, intermediate calculations and final answer to the nearest dollar amount. Omit the "$" sign in your response.)