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Subject: Advanced Instrumentation Method X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy b) In XPS analysis, the following situation might occur: (i) Shifting of binding energies is possible due to 

Subject: Advanced Instrumentation Method
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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b) In XPS analysis, the following situation might occur: (i) Shifting of binding energies is possible due to several factors, and thus affects the accuracy of the qualitative analysis. Discuss those factors and the possible actions that can be taken to overcome the issue. (ii) Overlapping of the peak position in XPS spectra affects the quantitative compositional analysis of different oxidation state of similar element. Discuss the possible methods that can be used to overcome the issue. [10 Marks]

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