subject- cryptography/security engineering

Which one of the following statements is correct regarding security services?

Select one:

a.

we cannot have "data integrity" without "data origin authentication".

b.

"data integrity" is necessary (but not sufficient) for having "non-repudiation"

c.

"confidentiality" is not possible without "data integrity".

d.

"data integrity" concerns only malicious modification of data and cannot deal with accidental changes, e.g. errors introduced by the the noise in the channel.

e.

"data integrity" is about locking down the data so that no unauthorized entity can modify it.