• Summarize major findings about leadership traits, skills, behavior, influence processes, and situational variables.
• Understand key points of convergence in findings from these different approaches for studying leadership.
• Understand what progress has been made in integrating the findings in different approaches for studying leadership.
• Understand similar explanatory processes in dyadic, group, and organization-level theories of effective leadership.
• Understand how biases in the conceptualization of leadership affect theory and research.
• Understand emerging conceptions of distributed, relational, and adaptive leadership.
• Understand how the methods used for studying leadership affect what is learned about it.
• Understand what has been learned about the essence of effective leadership.