Suppose that Ken's organization has a culture that is flexible and easygoing. However, a few employees are unclear about their tasks; hence, they lose confidence and work ineffectively. They give up on achieving their goals and spend a lot of time taking breaks and complaining about the ambiguity of their jobs. Ken does not want to use a task$-$oriented leadership style to improve the situation. According to the substitutes$-$for$-$leadership approach, Ken should use which of the following to substitute for a taskoriented leadership style?

a$.$ Inflexibility

b$.$ Low position power

c$.$ Intrinsic satisfaction

d$.$ Formalization