Suppose you want to conduct a survey to find out how prevalent conversational self-focus is among college students. Conversational self-focus is the tendency to direct a conversation toward oneself, such as directing a conversation toward one's own problems, strengths, or experiences.

a) Write three questions ("items") that measure conversational self-focus that you might include on a questionnaire: one that is nominal, one that is interval, and one that is ratio.

b) Identify one type of construct validity you could examine for a questionnaire on self-focus. Explain how you would examine the type of construct validity you chose.

c) If you instead wanted to use observations to measure conversational self-focus, how would you operationally define conversational self-focus?

d) What type of measurement reliability should you use for your observations? Explain how you would test this reliability.