Supreme Court cases such asChampion v. Ames[The Lottery Case],Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States,andHoke v. United Statesare examples of:

1. mechanical application of the "direct versus indirect" effects test.
2. congressional efforts to reign in judicial activism through jurisdiction stripping.
3. judicial deference to state sovereignty under the compact theory.
4. judicial deference to national "police"regulation.