The Container Revolution Until the s nearly all international cargo was delivered to the dockside in small packages and shipped on breakbulk ships. They came in boxes, crates, barrels, and drums and loaded on board ship, stowed, and at the end of the voyage, unloaded individually. This process was complicated, timeconsuming and exposed cargo to damage and theft. The container revolution involved the introduction of trucktrailersized boxes as cargo containers. These standardized containers can be filled with cargo at the farm, factory, or loading depot, sealed and taken by truck, train, or barge to a port where it is put on board a ship. It greatly reduced cargo handling time it costs much less to load and unload containers by crane than it is to load and unload individual packages Containers also eliminated costs associated with shore side warehouses to protect conventional cargo from the weather. Export costs relating to crating, packaging, etc., as well as potential loss or damage to cargo, is substantially reduced. In typical container transportation the shipper puts individual packages or cartons in a container, usually at an inland facility, and the container is moved by rail or truck to a container yard close to a seaport. Once the ship arrives, the container is pulled by a tractor alongside the ship and placed on board the container ship by cranes. Container ships have specially built vertical cells which are designed to firmly hold the containers in place during the voyage. Today over percent of the world trade is moved in containers. Only a handful of commodities are shipped in breakbulk: steel, paper, plywood. Even rubber and cocoa beans, which were largely shipped in breakbulk, are now moved in containers. The container revolution necessitated development of port infrastructure such as dockside cranes, standardized containers, and the designation and building of specific areas for containers, as well as connections to railways and highways. Refer above case study to answer the following questions. a Analyze the strategies and benefits of certificates of review to UAE exporters. Elaborate your answer. marks b Discuss the major benefits of cargo containers.