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In contrast, when an atom loses or gains an electron (or the rarer case of losing or gaining a proton, which requires a nuclear reaction), the total charges add up to something other than zero. The atom is then said to be electrically charged, or "ionized". There is a major difference between the neutral state and the ionized state. In the neutral state, an atom has little electromagnetic attraction to other atoms. Note that the electric field of a neutral atom is weak, but is not exactly zero because the atom is not a point particle. If another atom gets close enough to the atom, they may begin to share electrons. Chemically, we say that the atoms have formed bonds.

In contrast to neutral atoms, the field due to an ionized atom is strong, even at larger distances. The strong electric field of ions makes them strongly attracted to other atoms and molecules, to the point of being highly chemically reactive. Ionized atoms can be free radicals, which are atoms with a dangling bond that are highly reactive. In the human body, free radicals can react with DNA, leading to mutations and possibly cancer. Atoms become ionized when light with enough energy knocks off some of their electrons. Only light waves at the frequencies of X-rays and gamma rays have enough energy to ionize atoms and therefore lead to cancer. The cancer-causing power of only certain frequencies is why you can use your cell phone as much as you want, but you can only get an X-ray image taken on rare occasions. Free radicals occur naturally in your body. They only become dangerous when there are more free radicals than your body can handle.

But not all ions in the body are bad. Because of the c

questions

1.cost accounting dynamics have achieved revolutions in the recent days; explain the Goodness of fit tests concepts that go hand in hand with that

2.as for the norms of the generation of the deviations o the costs and the stipulated budgets, explain the role of the standard error of estimate to fix that

3.from what parameters can we establish the objectivity of the short term planning for the goal of cost accounting parameters

4.enumerate therelevant ranges as concept applied in cost accountingto distinguish the output levels

5.analyse the algebraic assumptions applied in the criteria of cost account ting used to generate the normal and quadratic equationsfor the cost functions

6.as a measure of the cost volume analysis in the cots accounting framework, explain the nature of the uncertainty global instability

7.relate the final product of the operating income to the CVP analysis regulated by managers

8.what are the impacts of the expected values from the Single-number "best estimates"

9.why is it hard to achieve sensitivity analysis by conceptualizing the examination of the original predicted data

10.discuss the rule of leverage as analyzed in cost accounting specificallyon the nature of the CVP basis