Tendencies in international economic relations

Based on empirical illustration (attachments) of international trade and international flows of capital and labor, indicate the most important and visible tendencies in these flows.(Shortly, overall describe charts graphs)

19:45 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... 32 Indonesia 167 0.9 -7 32 (1 142 0,7 4 Sweden 0,8 33 -2 33 161 -3 Hungary 120 0.6 -5 34 Hungary 124 0,7 -2 34 Philippines 113 0.6 1 35 South Africa (1) 108 0.6 -6 35 Denmark 111 0.6 36 Ireland 98 0.5 -9 36 Norway 103 0.4 -16 Denmark 98 0.5 -5 37 South Africa 90 -4 37 38 Romania 97 0.5 -1 38 Slovak Republic 90 0.5 -4 39 Slovak Republic 90 0.5 -3 39 Iraq (1) 89 0.5 40 Romania 77 0.4 -3 40 Portugal 90 0.5 1 -3 41 Norway 85 0.4 -2 41 Finland 73 0.4 -14 42 Israel 76 0,4 O 42 Qatar (1) 73 0,4 43 Finland 74 0.4 -7 43 Philippines 70 0. Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2019 (USD mld, %) Annua Annual percent percentage Ran Valu Shar ge Ran Valu Shar chang k Exporters change k Importers 0 1 United States of America 2568 16,2 China 2499 16.2 2 2166 13.6 2 Extra-EU Exports 2386 15.4 -2 Extra-EU Imports -1 3 China 2077 13,1 3 United States of America 1646 10.6 45 706 4.6 -4 4 Japan 721 Japan 5 United Kingdom 692 4.4 5 Korea, Republic of 542 3.5 -10 -6 6 Hong Kong, China 578 3.6 6 Hong Kong, China 535 3.5 138 15 0,1 18 Retained imports (1) 0.9 Domestic exports -7 Re-exports 517 3.3 Korea, Republic of 503 United Kingdom 469 3.0 -4 7 3.2 7 8 Mexico 461 3.0 2 8 India 484 3.0 Mexico 467 2.9 Canada 447 2.9 -1 -5 10 Canada 464 2,9 10 Russian Federation 419 2,7 -5 Singapore 2.3 11 Singapore 391 2.5 11 359 184 1.2 -12 Retained imports (1) 153 1.0 Domestic exports Re-exports 206 1.3 -2 287 331 2,1 Chinese Taipei 1,8 12 Chinese Taipei 12 13 Switzerland 277 1,7 13 India 324 2,1 0 Switzerland 314 2,0 14 United Arab Emirates (1) 262 1.6 14 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2019 (USD mld, %) Annu Annual percen Shar Ran Valu Shar percentage Ran Valu ge k K Exporters change Importers chang 0.5 Iraq (1) 89 0.6 -6 26 Norway 85 26 Qatar (1) 73 0.5 .14 27 Israel 76 0,5 27 71 0,4 28 Philippines 70 0.5 28 Egypt 70 0.4 29 Chile 70 0.5 -8 29 Chile 5 30 61 0.4 30 Argentina 65 0.4 Ukraine -10 31 Bangladesh (1) 60 0.4 31 Kuwait, the State of (1) 65 0.4 0,4 Nigeria (1) 62 0.4 2 32 Iraq (1) 57 32 33 Colombia 53 0.3 0.4 -6 33 Israel 58 51 0.3 Kazakhstan 57 0.4 -6 34 Nigeria (1) 34 35 51 35 Iran (1) 55 0.4 .48 Morocco 0.3 36 Pakistan 50 0,3 36 Ukraine 50 0,3 6 -3 37 Argentina 49 0,3 37 Peru 48 0,3 43 0.3 38 Oman (1) 42 0.3 0 38 Algeria (1) 0.3 0 39 Peru 42 0.3 39 New Zealand 40 40 0,3 40 Colombia 39 0,3 -6 New Zealand 42 Iran 42 38 0,2 -3 41 0,3 41 Bangladesh (1) 42 39 0.2 42 Algeria (1) 36 0.2 -14 Belarus 43 35 -15 43 Kazakhstan 38 0.2 Angola (1) 0.219:44 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... British shana $3.5B Oman $5.58/ $10 Honduras $1.2B Virgin Is. Congo Costa Rica $38.4B $1.28 Gabor Indones $1.58 Singapore B panama Colombia DR Congo Ethiopia $62B $23.1B $5.3B $14.5B $1.38 $3.68 ew Ca Tanzania $1.28 FDI inflows ($) Australia Peru $46.4B $6.8B Brazil $100B and More Zambia $62.7B $1.18Mozambique $50B - $99.99B $2.3B $20B - $49.99B Chile $6.7B South Africa $10B - $19.99B New Ze Argentina $1.38 $5B - $9.99B $3.6B Note: For visualization purposes $11.9B $2B - $4.99B we are only showing countries $1B - $1.99B with FDI inflows of $1B or more. How to read this map: Countries appear bigger as their FDI inflow is higher. e.g. United States. Conversely, countries that have a lower FDI inflows appear smaller e.g. Sudan. Article & Sources: https://howmuch.net/articles/countries-receiving-most-investment-from-abroad United Nations, World Investment Report 2018 - https://unctad.org howMuch FDI inflows: ton 10 host economies, Per cent United States 251 - 1 254 China 140 ....... 139 Singapore 110 ....... .... .. ...... + 42 78 Brazil 75 Developed 60 economies United Kingdom 31 2019* 65 2018 Hong Kong, China 55 104 Developing economies France 52 37 2019* 2018 India 49 12 Canada 47 ......... + 8 Germany 40 + 232 12 Foreign direct investment inflows, top (x) = 2017 ranking United States (1) 252 277 China (2) 139 134 116 Hong Kong, China (3) 111 Singapore (5) 78 76 Netherlands (7) United Kingdom (4) 101 61 Brazil (6) Australia (8) 60 42 Spain (17) 44 21 India (9) 42 40 40 Canada (15) 25 France (13) 37 30 Mexico (12) 32 32 Germany (11) 26 37 Italy (16) 24 22 Indonesia (18) 22 21 22 Israel (19) 18 Viet Nam (21) 16 14 Developed economies 14 Korea, Republic of (20) 18 2018 2017 13 Developing and transition economies Russian Federation (14) 26 2018 201719:43 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... Kyrgyzstan s -Tajikistan 27% Haiti 29% Liberia 26% Nepal 31% Source: Pew Research Center analysis of World Bank and CIA World Factbook data, accessed Jan. 25, 2018. PEW RESEARCH CENTER Remittance flows to Low- and Middle-Income countries (excluding China) are now larger than FDI and Development Assistance Remittances 400 . FDI 300 200 ODA 100 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 FDI - foreign direct investment. ODA . Official Development Assistance; Data for 2018 are estimates and data for 2019 are forecasts Chart 1 Stabilizing force Remittances are vital for many low-income and fragile states, serving as a lifeline for these countries when they experience a macroeconomic shock. (inflows to poor and fragile countries: 1990-2018, in billions of current dollars) 350 - Remittances, received 300 Foreign direct investment, net inflows 250 Aid, received Portfolio equity, inflows 200 150 100 50 O -50 1990 95 2000 05 10 15 18 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators.19:43 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... 29.9 29.7 29.6 38.735.1 21.4 20.8 19.3 18.4 17.6 26.425.421.9, 17.316.715.9 T Samoa India China Ukraine Tonga Haiti Nepal Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Vietnam Tajikistan Honduras El Salvador Comoros Philippines Bangladesh West Bank and.. Kyrgyz Republic Egypt, Arab Rep. Chart 2 Reliance on remittances The 10 largest recipients of remittances are located in diverse regions, with the top ones receiving more than 30 percent of GDP through this channel. Tajikistan Bermuda Tonga Kyrgyz Republic Nepal Lesotho Haiti Moldova El Salvador Samoa 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 The 10 largest recipients of remittances, 2004-18, percent of GDP Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Top money transfer destination by country Denmark Sweden Sweden Ukraine China Finland Russia Russia Belgium China France Russia Russia Mexico France Pakistan China Philippines Gaza Gaza Bangladesh Senegal Burkina India Faso Nigeria Nigeria Ghana Djibouti Spain Uganda china Indonesia Spain Portugal Portugal Portugal Spain South frica China esotho Spain designed by wirecompare.com, Aug 2018 Leading receiver of remittances Balanced Leading source of remittances data by www.worldbank.org for 201719:45 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products, 2019 (mid USD, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 2010-19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters European Union 639 38.9 41.9 37,4 35.9 W 8 -2 224 12.6 13.0 11.9 12.6 8 a Extra-EU Exports United States of America 165 13.0 98 10,5 9.3 N 3 Brazil 89 2.8 4. 5.1 5.0 3 14 6 China 82 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.6 5 4 6 Canada 65 6.3 4.9 3.8 3.7 6 4 IN Thailand 43 2.2 2,1 2.6 2.4 2 18 N -3 Indonesia 42 1,4 1,7 2,7 2.4 2 26 -7 -8 Argentina 40 2,2 2,3 2,6 2,2 -4 -3 15 India 37 1.1 1,2 1.7 2,1 6 17 O Mexico 36 1,7 1.5 1.4 2,0 8 12 6 Above 10 1239 72,5 72.8 71,6 69.6 Importers European Union 595 36.3 39.2 35,7 33.3 2 9 6 Extra-EU Imports 180 13,0 12.5 11,1 10,1 a N J China 199 3 3 50 78 112 7 17 World exports of food, 2000-19 (USD mild, %) 40 7 30 20 10 Jlull des 20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019 -10 20 Annual percentage change Top 10 exporters and importers of food, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 20 Exporters European Union 553 40.6 43.4 38.4 36.3 3 8 u Extra-EU Exports 190 13.3 3.3 12.0 12,5 A 7 United States of America 136 12.6 10.1 8.9 N 1 Brazil 76 3.0 1.5 5.5 5.0 W 14 4 China 71 32 3.6 40 4,7 5 4 4 5019:44 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... 30 AUSTRALIA RPA 30 NOWA ZELANDIA 60 120 120 180 . glowne kier unki migracji ekonomi cznych kraje imigracyjne Main directions of economic migrations . south -> north - from developing to high income countries . north -> south - from high income to developing countries . north -> north - between high income countries . south -> south - between developing countries. Which countries host and send the most migrants? Number of migrants resident in/sent by country as of 2015 (million) Top 10 migrant hosting countries United States 46.6 Germany 12.0 Russia 11.6 Saudi Arabia 10.2 United Kingdom 8.5 United Arab Emirates 8.1 Canada * 7.8 France 7.8 Australia DA 6.8 Spain 5.9 Top 10 migrant sending countries India 15.6 Mexico . 12.3 Russia 10.6 China 9.5 Bangladesh 7.2 Pakistan 5.9 Ukraine 5.7 Philippines 5.3 Syria 5.0 United Kingdom 4.9 @StatistaCharts Source: United Nations indy 100 The OINDEPENDENT Statista Permanent migration flows to OECD countries, 2007-2016 Millions19:43 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... 4.0 3.5 3.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (e) Source: OECD, 2016. Note: OECD calculations based on national statistics. Data relating to 2016 are estimated based on growth rates published in official national statistics. European Migrant Crisis 2015 Number of Refugees are applying Asylum applicants per 10.000 inhabitants in repeatedly for the destination country asylum First time asylum applicants Asylum applications Top Countries of Origin between 1 January 5- 10 and 30 June 2015 10-20 Syria > 20 Kosovo Afghanistan Migratory Routes 10.000 Albania Illegal border crossings 25.000 between 1 january and Iraq 50.000 with borde Eritrea 100,000 according to the migratory Serbia routes Other important entry points are Eu Pakistan of valid travel documents but do not return to Ukraina their countries when they have overstayed. Nigeria omalia Russia Macedonia Eastern Borders inknown Route Gambia LU DE Iran cz SK Bangladesh HU stateless persons CH Bosnia and Herzegovina -HR Black Sea Route Senegal Western Balkan Quellen: Eastern Mediterranean . Asylum applicants: Route eurostat dataset mic PT ES GR FRONTEX Migratory Routes Map ircular Route from Popolation data: eurostat dataset tos00001 Albanle en Data extraction date was 12 Sept. 2015 Apulla and MT Route Western Mediterranean Route 100.000 Central Mediterranean Route 80.000 Western African 60.000 40.000 Number of asylum 20.000 applicants per month 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Annual Net Migration Rate 2015-2020 Migrants per 1000 Population Data source: United Nations, Department of Soononit and Social Affairs. Population Division 20 -10 5 0 5 10 20 no data (201 51. World Population Prospeda 2 custom data acquired vis w clute.19:43 I LTE Done Why do countries enter into i... Philippines Gaza Gaza Burkina India Bangladesh Senegal Faso Nigeria Nigeria Ghana-. "France Djibouti indonesia Portugal Spain China Spain China designed by wirecompare.com, Aug 2018 Leading receiver of remittances Balanced Leading source of remittances data by www.worldbank.org for 2017 Global Remittance Flows Top Remittance Recipients, by Amount 2000-2021 USD, 2019e - FDI - Remittances - ODA The World Bank estimates 2021f: Ukraine China $15.98 $70.3B 900B remittance flows to reach: $597B O India Mexico $82.2B 7008 $38.7B Egypt Vietnam $26.4B $16.78 5008 O Philippin Mexico receives a $35.1B 300B majority of remittances Nigeria from the U.S.-the two $25.48 Pakistan Bangladesh nations have one of the $21.9B $17.5B 1008 largest remittance In absolute value terms, corridors in the world. India and China are the largest beneficiaries of 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 remittances, receiving over 1/4 the global total in 2019. FDI = Foreign direct investment ODA = Official development assistance Money Transfer Flows Around the World Remittance Balance Inflows Outflows Article & Sources: https://howmuch.net/articles/money-transfer-flows-around-the-world World Bank, Annual Remittances Data (updated as of Apr. 2 howMuch net