Tendencies in international economic relations - main topic

Based on empirical illustration (attachments) of international trade and international flows of capital and labor, indicate the most important and visible tendencies in these flows.(It should not be long, description of the main points from attachments).

Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and 2010-19 2017 2018 2019 World merchandise exports 2,7 4,3 2.5 0,1 Agricultural products 3,4 8.3 4.6 1,2 Fuels and mining products 1,0 -0.9 2,8 0.9 Manufactures 3,0 5,1 3,6 -0,1 World GDP 2,7 3,0 3,2 3.0 Merchandise world exports, by major product groups, 2008-2018 (Index 2008 = 100) 400 300 - Manufactures Fuels and mining produ 200 - Agricultural products Total merchandise 100 - 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World merchandise exports by product group, 2008-2018 (US$ billion) 40 000 - 30 000- 20 000 10 000 2008 20092,2 8.0 8,0 Germany (1) 4.5 9,2 8,1 9.0 6,6 United Kingdom 13,4 11,0 3.5 6.5 5.3 5,5 5.2 3,7 France 5.5 4.9 5.3 6,4 5.6 5,7 5,2 Netherlands 3.4 3.3 4.4 4.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.4 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including associate and former member States (2) 1,5 1,7 2,4 Africa 8.1 7,0 5,2 3,9 4,6 2,6 2,2 3,0 0.6 South Africa (3) 2. 15 0.9 0.8 05 0.5 1.7 2.2 2.3 2,7 6.2 3,3 2.8 4,0 Middle East 13.9 15,1 14,1 14,9 18.5 23.5 23.8 32,2 Asia China 0.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 1,1 2,7 5.4 11,0 28 41 65 67 64 50 3 8 Janan World merchandise trade volume and real GDP growth, 2011-2018 4.691 3,1 2.886 2.9 2,74 2.8 2,8 2,534 2.461 2,3 2.4 2.4 2.261 2 1.357 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2 GDP Trade World merchandise trade volume and real GDP at market exchange rates, 2008- 2018 (Indices 2008=100) 300 200 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World real GDP at market exchange rates World merchandise trade volume Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and2. 10 Russian Federation 419 -5 10 Canada 464 2,7 11 Singapore 391 2.5 -5 11 Singapore 359 2.3 Domestic exports 184 1,2 -12 Retained imports (1) 153 1.0 Re-exports 206 1.3 12 Chinese Taipei 331 2.1 -2 12 Chinese Taipei 287 1.8 1,7 13 India 324 2.1 0 13 Switzerland 277 14 Switzerland 314 2.0 14 United Arab Emirates (1) 262 1,6 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2019 (USD mid, %) Annu Annual percent Valu Shar percentage Valu Shar Ran Ran ge chang k Exporters change K Importers 26 Iraq (1) 89 0,6 -6 26 Norway 85 0,5 27 Qatar (1) 73 0.5 -14 27 Israel 76 0.5 70 0.5 28 Egypt 71 0.4 28 Philippines 29 Chile 70 0,5 -8 29 Chile 70 0,4 61 0.4 30 Argentina 65 0.4 5 30 Ukraine 60 0,4 31 Kuwait, the State of (1) 65 0,4 10 31 Bangladesh (1) 62 0.4 2 32 Iraq (1) 57 0.4 32 Nigeria (1) 33 Israel 58 0.4 -6 33 Colombia 53 0.3 57 0.4 -6 34 Nigeria (1) 51 0,3 34 Kazakhstan 55 0.4 -48 35 Morocco 51 0.3 35 Iran (1) 36 Ukraine 50 0.3 6 36 Pakistan 50 03 37 Peru 48 0.3 -3 37 Argentina 49 0.3 38 Oman (1) 42 0,3 38 Algeria (1) 43 0,3 39 New Zealand 40 0,3 0 39 Peru 42 0,3 Colombia 39 -6 New Zealand 42 0.3 40 0.3 40 41 Bangladesh (1) 38 0.2 -3 41 Iran 42 0 .3 36 0.2 -14 42 Belarus 39 42 Algeria (1) 0.2 43 Angola (1) 35 0.2 -15 43 Kazakhstan 38 0,2 Merchandise traders improving their rankings among the world's top 50, 2009-19 Rank Values Rank 2009 2019 2009 2019 Difference Viet Nam 39 23 254090 1036350 16 Philippines 52 39 168627 366327 13 53 44 160731 292868 9 Iraq Qatar 55 50 145858 207978 Romania 46 41 189782 346807 Mexico 17 12 942455 1856915 u Poland 26 22 571924 1052022 A Hong Kong, China 12 8 1363325 2225443 A India 18 15 844222 1616053 w Slovak Republic 42 40 224037 359462 NN Korea, Republic of 11 9 1373236 2091151 Ukraine 50 49 170538 221346 Nigeria 49 48 181296 225438 Argentina 48 47 188916 228480 Israel 47 46 189727 269879 Hungary 36 35 321537 486860 Economies with the most significant changes in export (blue) and import (red), 201 ige)World merchandise exports by major product group, 2000-19 (US$ billion and annual percentage change) Note: Data including intra- trade of the European Union, excluding re-exports of Hong Kong, China 40 000 30 000 Total 20 000 10 000 01/01/1904 World merchandise exports by major product group, 2019 (%) Agriculture and Mining Prodi Manufactures Prices of primary commodities, 2014-2019 (US$ price indices, January 2014=100) 400 300 - 200 100Importers Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 2010-19 2017 2018 20 Exporters European Union 151 44,3 41,5 37,0 36,3 0 22 13 Extra-EU Exports 41 13.1 13.0 11,4 10,0 -2 16 10 China (1) 55 3.1 6, 1 9.4 13.3 4 12 10.5 8,7 6,8 -4 12 Japan 28 6 Korea, Republic of 26 4.7 1.5 5,8 6,3 1 22 8 19 4.3 5.4 4.4 4.7 0 39 24 Russian Federation 13 4.1 -3 18 -4 United States of America 4.5 3.6 3.2 India 12 0.9 1.7 2,5 2.9 69 -13 Brazil 12 2.6 2.9 2.1 2,8 3 37 12 Turkey 11 1.3 1.8 2.4 2,7 32 38 Chinese Taipei 10 3.3 2.8 2,6 2,4 -1 27 9 Above 10 337 79.5 79.0 80.2 81.3 Importers European Union 149 38.1 36,3 33.3 34,6 0 26 16 1 40 9.5 8,6 9.3 32 21 Extra-EU Imports Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 20 Exporters 1007 47.6 50.0 46.0 45.6 3 10 13 European Union Extra-EU Exports 456 19.9 19.8 18.9 20.6 4 9 10 United States of America 224 13.7 10.9 11,2 10,1 5 7 N 160 2,1 3,2 5,2 7,2 7 16 18 China (1) 5 4 7 Switzerland 115 3.6 4.0 4.3 5.2 79 6.0 4.8 4.6 3.6 0 11 11 Japan 5 19 14 Korea, Republic of 74 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.3 67 6,0 5.2 4.3 3.0 -1 2 1 United Kingdom 16 Singapore 54 1.6 2.4 2,3 2.4 3 9 India 53 0.7 1,0 1.4 2.4 12 22 Canada 37 2,5 2.4 2.0 1.7 1 -4 14 Above 10 1870 86.2 86.4 84.1 84.6 Importers European Union 820 38.6 41.4 37.9 35,6 10 12 N W 11.5 9 7 Extra-EU Imports 264 12.7 12.3 11.6 $706 BillionMerchandise exports by region, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index, 2012 Q1=100) Exports 100 2012Q1 2012Q3 2013@1 201303 2014@1 201403 2015Q1 2015Q3 201601 201603 201701 201703 201801 201803 Other regions b Asia Europe South America a North America Merchandise imports by region, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index, 2012 Q1=100) Imports 100 2012Q1 201203 2013Q1 2013Q3 2014Q1 201403 201501 201503 2016Q1 201603 201701 2017Q3 2018Q1 2018Q3 Other regions b Asia Europe South America a North America Merchandise exports and imports by region, 2015Q1-2019Q4 (Volume indices 201501=100). Sou Imports Exports ri 100 100Prices of primary commodities, 2014-2019 (US$ price indices, January 2014=100) 400 300 200 100 2014M01 2014MO8 2015M03 2015M10 2016M05 2016M12 2017M07 2018MO2 2018M09 2019M04 Fuels Metals Agricultural raw materials Food Merchandise trade of European Union, 2016-2019 (USD mld) 8 000 1 6 000 4 000 2 000 Exports of total merchandise trade, by region, 2008 and 2018 (%) 2008 2018 3.60% 2.53% 3.90% 3.36% 4.40% 3.38% 6.03% 6.51% Europe 13.56% 37.59% Asia 41.04% North America 12.91% Middle East CIS South and Central America AfricaEMIRICAL ILLUSTRATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE World merchandise exports by region and selected economy (USD mid, %) 1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2019 50 84 157 579 1838 3688 7382 18372 World (USD mid) 100.0 100.0 World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 28,1 24,8 19.9 17,3 16.8 17.9 15,8 13.9 North America 9.8 21.6 14.6 12.2 11,2 12.6 9.0 United States of America 14.3 0.9 0,7 0.6 0.4 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.5 Mexico 5,2 4.3 4.6 4,2 3.9 3,7 2.4 Canada 5.5 South and Central America and the Caribbean 11,3 9.7 6,4 4,3 4,5 3,0 3,1 3,2 2.0 1.8 0.9 1.1 1,2 1.0 1.0 1,2 Brazil 0.5 0.3 0.2 0,2 0.2 0.3 0.4 Chile 0.6 35,1 39,4 7.8 50.9 43,5 45.3 45.9 37,7 Europe 1,4 53 9 3 11,7 92 10.3 10.2 8,1 Germany (1) 3.9 Netherlands 2.0 3.0 3.6 4.7 3.5 3.8 4.0 3.4 4.8 5,2 6.3 5,2 6.0 5,3 3.1 France 11,3 9.0 7.8 5.1 5.0 4 9 4.2 2.6 United Kingdom Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including associate and former member States 1,7 2,6 3.4 2) Africa 7,3 6.5 5,7 4,8 4,5 2.5 2,4 2,5 1.0 1,0 0.5 0.5 South Africa (3) 2.0 1,6 1.5 0.7 2.0 2.7 3,2 1.1 6.7 3.5 4.1 5.3 Middle East 14.0 13,4 12.5 14.9 19,1 26.0 26,1 34.0 Asia 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.5 5.9 13.6 China World merchandise imports by region and selected economy (USD mld, %) 1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2019 7599 18798 World (USD mid) 62 85 164 594 1883 3805 World 100,0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 20,5 16.1 17,2 18.5 21,3 22,7 18, North America 18,5 13.0 13.9 11.4 12.4 14.3 15.9 17,1 13,7 United States of America 0.8 0,6 0.7 1.8 2,5 Mexico 1.0 0.9 2.3 5.5 3.9 4,2 3,4 3,7 3,2 2.5 4.4 Canada 10.4 8,3 6.0 4,4 3.9 3,3 2.5 3.3 South and Central America and the Caribbean 1,6 0.9 1,2 0.9 0,7 0,7 1,0 Brazil 1,8 Chile 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0,4 45.3 43,7 52.0 53,3 44.1 44.5 44,3 36,5 Europe 4.5 8.0 9.2 8.1 9.0 8,0 6,6 Germany (1) 2,2 8.5 6.5 5.2 13.4 5.3 5.5 3.7 United Kingdom 11,0 5,5 4.9 5.3 6.4 5.6 5,7 5.2 3,5 France 3.3 4.4 4.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3,4 Netherlands 3.4 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 1.5 1.7 2.4 including associate and former member States (2) 5.2 3,9 4,6 2,6 2.2 3.0 Africa 8,1 7.0 2,5 1.5 1,1 0.9 0.8 0,5 0.5 0,6 South Africa (3) 4.0 Middle East 1, 2, 2,3 6.2 3,3 2.8Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2019 (USD mld, %) Annual percenta Annual Val Shar ge Valu Shar Ran percentag Ran e change Importers ue change Exporters 256 8 13.4 -2 2499 13.2 United States of America China 207 7 United States of America 8.7 -1 China 10.8 2 1646 2 123 4 6,4 7.9 3 3 Germany 1489 Germany 709 3.8 -2 Japan 721 3.7 Netherlands 692 3.6 706 United Kingdom 5 Japan 3.4 -3 570 3.0 -2. 6 France 651 6 France 3.3 -10 7 7 Korea, Republic of 542 2.9 Netherlands 636 578 3.0 -8 8 Hong Kong, China 535 2,8 -6 Hong Kong, China Retained imports (1) 138 0.7 .10 15 0.1 18 Domestic exports Re-exports 517 2.7 2,6 533 2.8 -3 9 Korea, Republic of 503 9 Italy 484 2,5 -6 469 2.5 10 India 10 United Kingdom 2.4 11 Italy 474 2.5 11 Mexico 461 -2 447 12 Mexico 467 2,4 12 Canada 2.4 464 2.4 -1 445 24 -5 13 Canada 13 Belgium 426 2,2 -6 Russian Federation 419 2.2 -5 14 Belgium 14 1.9 -5 -5 15 15 Singapore 391 Spain 372 2.1 10 Domestic exports 184 -12 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2019 (USD mld, %) c.d. Annual Annual percent percenta Val Sha age Val Sha ge Ra Ra nk Importers ue re change nk Exporters ue re change Malaysia 205 1.1 -6 238 1.3 -4 26 26 Malaysia 10 -5 223 1,2 -7 27 Austria 185 27 Brazil 1.0 199 -2 28 28 Czech Republic 1.1 Brazi 184 -2 178 0.9 -3 29 Turkey 181 1.0 2 29 Czech Republic 171 0.9 -10 -3 30 Indonesia 30 Austria 179 0.9 159 0.8 -7 31 Ireland 170 0.9 3 31 Sweden Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (1 142 0.7 4 32 Indonesia 167 32 Hungary 120 0.6 -2 33 33 Sweden 161 0.8 -3 34 Philippines 113 0.6 -5 124 -2 34 Hungary South Africa (1) 108 0.6 -6 35 Denmark 111 0.6 1 35 103 0.5 -16 36 Ireland 98 0.5 -9 36 Norway 98 0,5 -5 37 South Africa 90 0.5 -4 37 Denmark 97 -1 90 38 Slovak Republic 0.5 -4 38 Romania 0.5 90 -3 -6 39 Slovak Republic 0,5 39 Iraq (1) 0,5 Portugal 90 0.5 77 40 40 Romania 0.4 -3 85 0.4 -2 41 41 Finland 73 0.4 -3 Norway 76 0.4 42 Qatar (1) 73 0.4 -14 42 Israel 74 0.4 7 13 Philippines 70 0.4 43 Finland Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2019 (USD mid, %) Annu percen Annual Ran Valu Shar ge Ran Valu Shar percentage chang change K Importers k Exporters 2568 16,2 China 2499 16,2 0 1 United States of America 15.4 -2 2 Extra-EU Imports 2166 13,6 2 Extra-EU Exports 2386 1646 10.6 -1 3 China 2077 13,1 United States of America 4.5 4 721 Japan 706 4.6 Japan 542 3.5 -10 5 United Kingdom 692 4.4 Korea, Republic of Hong Kong, China 578 3,6 -6 6 535 3. 6 Hong Kong, China 15 Retained imports (1) 138 0.1 18 Domestic exports Re-exports 517 3.3 -7 503 3.2 469 3.0 -4 7 Korea, Republic of United Kingdom 484 3,0 461 3.0 2 8 India 8 Mexico 467 2.9 Canada 447 2.9 -1 9 Mexico -5 10 Canada 464 2.9 10 Russian Federation 419 2.7 -5 Singapore 359 2.3 11 11 Singapore 391 2,5 153 Domestic exports 184 1,2 Retained imports (1) 1,0Annual percentage change Top 10 exporters and importers of food, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 20 Exporters 43.4 3 8 European Union 553 40.6 38.4 36.3 7 u Extra-EU Exports 190 13,3 13.3 12,0 12.5 A United States of America 136 12.6 9.1 10.1 8.9 1 N Brazil 76 3.0 15 5.5 5.0 4 w 14 4.7 5 4 4 China 71 3.2 3.6 4.0 Canada 50 4.1 3.6 3,3 3.3 3 6 W Argentina 39 2,7 2,7 3,0 2,6 2 -4 -4 Mexico 35 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.3 8 13 a Thailand 34 2,3 1.9 2.2 2,2 3 11 33 1,3 1,3 1.6 2,2 7 18 -1 India Indonesia 33 1,3 1,4 2,3 2,2 3 22 -6 Above 10 1060 72.9 73.3 72.0 69.7 Importers U European Union 513 36.7 40,2 36,2 33,7 N 8 10.9 10.0 6 A N Extra-EU Imports 152 12,3 12,3 Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters European Union 465 14,5 15,4 14.3 16,0 1 26 19 Extra-EU Exports 167 4,5 4.5 4,9 5.8 30 18 92 53 12 Russian Federation 247 7.2 8.4 -1 7 38 34 United States of America 243 3,2 2.8 4.2 8.4 Australia 185 3.1 2.8 4.2 6.4 4 26 20 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (1) 180 8,3 8.9 7.0 6.2 -2 25 14 127 5.6 5.1 4.0 4.4 30 15 Canada 1,6 6 27 China (2) 79 1,4 1,7 2,7 24 0 40 6 United Arab Emirates (1) 78 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,7 64 4.9 4.2 3,0 2,2 -4 22 29 Norway Iraq (1) 62 2,3 1.3 1,7 2, 1 2 36 14 Above 10 1731 53,9 54.4 51,6 59.7 Importers 26 23 European Union 786 30.4 31.8 27.6 25,0 -1 -11 Extra-EU Imports 489 21,0 21.1 18.4 15,5 -2 27 26 Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2019 (USD mld, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters European Union 4631 38.0 41,0 37,2 35.9 9 10 IN -3 16.4 15,3 15,1 W 15,5 8 8 Extra-EU Exports 1941 China (1) 2321 4.7 9.6 14.8 18.0 U 8 10 United States of America 1161 13,8 10.0 94 90 N 3 61 1 9.6 7.5 6.8 4.7 -1 7 6 Japan 491 w 7 7 Hong Kong, China ... ... 0.5 0.2 0.0 -7 -8 3 Domestic exports 7 7 iw Re-exports 488 ... ... .. . ... Korea, Republic of 473 3.3 4.1 3.7 N 15 3 -11 Mexico (1)World merchandise exports by level of development, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index. 2012 Q1=100) Exports 100 2012Q1 2012Q3 2013Q1 201303 2014Q1 201403 201501 201503 2016Q1 201603 2017Q1 201703 2018Q1 2018Q3 Developing economies and CIS Developed economies World World merchandise imports by level of development, 2012 Q1-2018 Q4 (Volume index, 2012 Q1=100) Imports 100 2012Q1 2012Q3 2013Q1 2013Q3 2014Q1 201403 201501 201503 2016Q1 201603 2017Q1 201703 2018Q1 2018Q3 Developing economies and CIS Developed economies World Merchandise trade . The share of the 10 largest exporters in trade in goods accounted for 52% (2018). . The share of developing countries in trade in goods waccounted for 44% (2018). . Exports of goods of the WTO countries amounted to USD 19.09 trillion (2018) -98% of world total.Growth of selected developing economies in merchandise exports, 2008-2018 (Annual nercentage change) Viet Nam 0, 146 Bangladesh 0,098 China 0.057 India 0,053 Mexico 0,045 United Arab Emirates 0,037 Turkey 0,024 Brazil 0,019 South Africa 0,015 Nigeria 10,035 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 Growth of selected developing economies in merchandise exports, 2008-2018 ( Auroraan annual norsantaan shonmal 8,602 9,418 10,008 10,133 12,436 13,047 14,08 14,542 29,296 40,854 20 40 Economies by size of merchandise trade, 2018 0 - 125 125 - 250 250 - 500 > 500Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and 2010-19 2017 2018 2019 World merchandise exports 2,7 4.3 2,5 0.1 Agricultural products 3,4 8,3 4.6 1,2 Fuels and mining products 1,0 -0.9 2.8 0.9 Manufactures 3,0 5,1 3,6 -0, 1 World GDP 2,7 3,0 3,2 3,0 Merchandise world exports, by major product groups, 2008-2018 (Index 2008 = 100) 400 1 300 Manufactures Fuels and mining produ 200 Agricultural products Total merchandise 100 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World merchandise exports by product group, 2008-2018 (US$ billion) 40 000 1 30 000 20 000 - 10 000 0+ 2008 2009 Manufactures Fuels and mining products Agricultural productsTop 20 exporters of chemicals and pharmaceutical products, 2016 (USD mid, %) Notes: Total exports refer to 2015. The foreign value-added content of exports represents the level of foreign intermediates, goods or services, that are imported from supply chains' 100 I United States Switzerland United Kingdom Singapore Value of exports (left axis) Top traders of final medicinal products, inter Medicinal and Country Code (ISO-2) Chemical compounds and APIs products Exports Imports Exports China 178 4.6 8.2 India 3,7 3.3 15,9 Japan 1,3 3.4 6,0 Singapore 2,5 1,7 7,6 Brazil 0,3 2,8 1,1 Belgium 7,5 6,2 51,3 Switzerland 11,7 6,3 81,7 Germany 4.9 10,2 87,4 Spain 1 ,6 3.6 12,1 France 2,1 6.0 34.8 Ireland 15,1 2,8 53,1 Italy 3,4 5,9 33,1 Netherlands 7.9 7.1 42,4 Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2019 (USD mid, %) Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change 2010- 2019 2000 2005 2010 2019 19 2017 2018 2019 Exporters China (1) 633 4,5 17,7 27.8 32,0 4 11 8 European Union 362 24,1 25.2 21.4 18,3 1 11 8 Extra-EU Exports 118 10,2 10,0 7.4 5.9 0 8 5 Hong Kong, China 293 ... 6 8 10 Domestic exports 0 0.4 0.3 0,1 0.0 -23 -7 -35 22 Re-exports 293 ..* . .. ... 6 8 10 United States of America 142 15,9 9.8 8,3 7,2 4 4 Chinese Taipei 141 6.0 4.4 5.4 7,1 6 21 -3 Korea, Republic of 129 6.1 6.5 6.0 6.5 3 37 17 -24 Singapore 116 7.7 8.0 7.9 5.9 -1 7 2 Viet Nam (2) 1,8 37 30 15 16