TEST YOURSELF AGAIN 1. Define the terms acquisition," "storage" and "retrieval." 2. List the four ways in which (either in the modal model or in more recent views) working memory is different from long-term storage. 3. How is the primacy effect usually explained? How is the recency effect usually explained? 4. What does it mean to say that working memory holds seven (plus-or-minus two) "chunks"? What is a chunk? 5. What evidence suggests that operation span is a better measure of working memory than the more standard digit-span measure? 6. How does the rehearsal loop manage to hold on to information with only occasional involve- ment by the central executive? 7. What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and relational (or elaborative) rehearsal? if 8. What does it mean to say, "It doesn't matter you intend to memorize; all that matters for is how exactly you engage the mate- memory rial you encounter"? 9. What is deep processing, and what impact does it have on memory? 10. What does it mean to say, "The creation of memory connections often occurs at the time of learning, but the main benefit of those con- nections comes later, at the time of memory retrieval"? 11. In what ways is deep and elaborate processing superior to deep processing on its own? 12. Why do mnemonics help memory? What are the limitations of mnemonic use? 13. What's the evidence that there's a clear linkage between how well you understand material when you first meet it, and how fully you'll recall that information later on? 236 14. Explain why memorizing involves a contribu- tion from the memorizer, both in terms of what the memorizer does while memorizing, and also in terms of what the memorizer knows prior to the memorizing.